Rosz Haszana — Talmud Jeruszalmi

Rosz Haszana

Rosz Haszana — Talmud Jeruszalmi w serwisie Beth HaMidrash: tekst hebrajski i jego polskie tłumaczenie, z Raszim i wielkimi komentatorami. Za darmo, online.

משנה: אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵן. בְּאֶחָד בְּנִיסָן רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לַמְּלָכִים וְלָרְגָלִים. בְּאֶחָד בֶּאֱלוּל רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעְשַׂר בְּהֵמָה. רִבִּי לָעְזָר וְרִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן אוֹמְרִים, בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי.MISHNAH: There are four New Year’s Days. On the first of Nisan is New Year for kings and for holidays. On the first of Elul is New Year for animal tithe 27:32–33. For determining animal tithe, all calves born in the same tithing year are counted together, but not those of any other year.; Rebbi Eleazar and Rebbi Simeon say, on the first of Tishre.

הלכה: אַרְבָּעָה רָאשֵׁי שָׁנִים הֵן כול׳. כְּתִיב הַחוֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם רֹאשׁ חֳדָשִׁים. לָכֶם הוּא רֹאשׁ וְאֵינוֹ רֹאשׁ לֹא לַשָּׁנִים וְלֹא לַשְּׁמִיטִּים וְלֹא לַיּוֹבְילוֹת וְלֹא לִנְטִיעָה וְלֹא לַיְּרָקוֹת. וְאֵמָר. לָכֶם הוּא רֹאשׁ וְאֵינוֹ רֹאשׁ לֹא לַמְּלָכִים וְלֹא לִרְגָלִים. רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. כְּתִיב וַיָּחֶל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ. הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. אוֹ אֵנוֹ אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם בַּחוֹדֶשׁ. כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר שְׁנַיִם בַּחוֹדֶשׁ פִּירֵשׁ. אוֹ אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא שְׁנַיִם בַּשַּׁבָּת. לֹא מָצָאנוּ חֶשְׁבוֹן זֶה מִן הַתּוֹרָה. וְהָא כְתִיב וַיְהִי עֶרֶב וַיְהִי בֹקֶר יוֹם שֵׁינִי. אֵין לְמֵידִין מִבְּרִיָיתוֹ שֶׁל עוֹלָם. וְהֵיי דֵין הוּא שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֲדָשִׁים וְהֵיי דֵין הוּא שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. רִבִּי חֲנַנְיָה וְרִבִּי מָנָא. חַד אָמַר. וַיָּחֶל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. בַּשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. וְחוֹרָנָה. אֲפִילוּ מִיחְלַף לֵית בָּהּ כְּלוּם. רִבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בַּר כַּרְסָנָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי אָחָא שָׁמַע לָהּ מִן הָדָא. הַחוֹדֶשׁ הַזֶּה לָכֶם. מִיעֵט. רִאשׁוֹן הוּא לָכֶם. [מִיעֵט.] מִיעוּט אַחַר מִיעוּט לְרַבּוֹת לַמְּלָכִים וְלִרְגָלִים. וְיַרְבֶּה לַשָּׁנִים וְלַשְּׁמִיטִּים וְלַיּוֹבְילוֹת וְלִנְטִיעָה וְלַיְּרָקוֹת. כַּהִיא דְאָמַר רִבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אָחָא רִבִּי יָסָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן. וַיָּחֶל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ. הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. רִבִּי יוֹנָה רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר נַחְמָן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חִיָיה בַּר יוֹסֵף. וַיָּחֶל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. בַּשֵּׁינִי. זֶה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּשָּׁנִים. וּכְשֶׁהוּא אוֹמֵר. בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. תַּנֵּי שְׁמוּאֵל וּפְלִיג. בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשְּׁלִישִׁי לְצֵאת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרָיִם. מִיכָּן שֶׁמּוֹנִין חֳדָשִׁים לִיצִיאַת מִצרַיִם. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא חֳדָשִׁים. שָׁנִים מְנַיִין. וַיְדַבֵּר יְי אֶל מֹשֶׁה בְמִדְבַּר סִינַי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁינִית. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא לְאוֹתוֹ הַזְּמַן. לְאַחַר הַזְּמָן הַזֶּה מְנַיִין. בִּשְׁנַת הָאַרְבָּעִים לְצֵאת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם. אֵין לִי אֶלָּא לְשָׁעָה. לְדוֹרוֹת מְנַיִין. וַיְהִי בִשְׁמוֹנִים שָׁנָה וְאַרְבַּע מֵאוֹת שָׁנָָה לְצֵאת בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל מֵאֶרֶץ-מִצְרַיִם וגו׳. מִשֶּׁנִּבְנָה הַבַּיִת הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לְבִנְיָנוֹ. וַיְהִי מִקֵץ עֶשְׂרִים שָׁנָה אֲשֶׁר בָּנָה שְׁלֹמֹה אֶת שְׁנֵי הַבָּתִּים וגו׳. לֹא זָכוּ לִמְנוֹת לְבִינְיָינוּ הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לְחֻרְבָּנוֹ. בְּעֶשְׂרִים וְחָמֵשׁ שָׁנָה לְגָלוּתֵינוּ בְּרֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה בֶּעָשׂוֹר לַחֹדֶשׁ וגו׳. לֹא זָכוּ לִמְנוֹת לְעַצְמָן הִתְחִילוּ מוֹנִין לַמַּלְכִּיּוֹת. [שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר] בִּשְׁנַת שְׁתַּיִם לְדָרְיָושֶׁ. בִּשְׁנַת שָׁלֹשׁ לְכוֹרֶשׁ מֶלֶךְ פָּרַס. וְאֵימַר וַיָּחֶל לִבְנוֹת בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשֵּׁינִי בִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ. הִקִּישׁ שְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ לַשֵּׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים. מַה שֵׁינִי שֶׁבַּחֳדָשִׁים אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן אַף שֵׁינִי שֶׁבִּשְׁנַת אַרְבַּע לְמַלְכוּתוֹ אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן.HALAKHAH: “There are four New Year’s Days,” etc. It is written 12:2. The verse establishes that months are counted from the month of the spring equinox, post-exilic (Accadic) called Nisan., this month shall be for you the head of the months. For you it is the head of the months but it is head neither for years nor for Sabbatical periods nor for Jubilees25 that Sabbaticals and Jubilees are counted from the end of the agricultural year in the month of the fall equinox. nor for planting, when no fruit may be taken. nor for vegetables. 14:22, which requires agricultural tithe being given year by year, that no tithe may be given from produce of one year for produce grown in another.. And I could say, for you it is the head of the months but it is head neither for kings nor for holidays. Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: It is written3:2., he started to build in the second month, in the second,. 8:5. If the same number is used to describe the month in the sequence of months and the month in the year, it follows that the year must start with month one. in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Or is it only the second in the month? Any place where the second day in the month is intended it is explicit3:2 reads it: He started to build on the second day of the second month of the fourth year; a reading also rejected in the Babli 3a since it always is stated as “day nin the month.”. Or is it only the second in the week? We do not find this count in the Torah. But is it not written, it was evening and it was morning, the second day. 1:8.? One makes no inferences from the Creation of the World. Which one is the second of the months and which one is the second of the years3:2.? Rebbi Ḥanania and Rebbi Mana. One said, he started to build in the second month, that is the second of the months; in the second, that is the second in the year. But the other one, even if you switch it does not change anything. Rebbi Simeon bar Karsana in the name of Rebbi Aḥa understood it from the following: This month is for you, an exclusion. The first it be for you, [an exclusion.] An exclusion after an exclusion is to include6:9 Note 154, Yebamot 12:1 Note10, Soṭah 9:2 Note 63, Horaiot1:1 Note 9 q. v., Megillah4:4 75b l.14; Babli Megillah23b, Yoma43a, Bava qamma15b, Bava batra15a, Sanhedrin15a,44b,66a, Makkot9b, Ševuot7b, Menaḥot9b,67a, Ḥulin132a. for kings and holidays. Could one include for years, or for Sabbatical periods, or for Jubilees, or for planting, or for vegetables? Following what Rebbi Jacob bar Aḥa, Rebbi Yasa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan said: It is written, he started to build in the second month, in the second, in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Rebbi Jonah, Rebbi Isaac bar Naḥman in the name of Rebbi Ḥiyya bar Joseph: He started to build in the second month, that is the second of the months; in the second, that is the second in the year. And when he says, in the fourth year of his reign, it bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan. Samuel stated and disagreed: In the third month of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt 19:1.. From here that one counts months from the exodus from Egypt. Not only months, from where years? The Eternal spoke to Moses in the wilderness of Sinai in the second year. 9:1.. Not only at that time, from where later? In the fortieth year of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt. 33:38. Babli 2b. Not only temporarily, from where for later generations? It was in the 480th year of the Israelites’ exodus from Egypt6:1., etc. After the Temple had been built they started to count from its building: It was at the end of twenty years after Salomon built the two houses. 9:1.. They did not merit to count from its building, they started counting from its destruction: In the twenty-fifth year of our exile, on New Year’s Day, on the tenth of the month. 40:1. In a Jubilee year, New Year’s day is moved to the Day of Atonement; cf. the author’s edition of Seder Olam(Northvale 1998), pp. 118–119, Note 4., etc. They did not merit to count for themselves, they started counting regnal years, [as it is written,] in year two of Darius1:1.; in year three of Cyrus, king of Persia. 10:1.. And I am saying, 3:2.he started to build in the second month, in the second, in the fourth year of his reign. It bracketed the fourth year of his reign with the second of the months. Since the second of the months is only counted from Nisan, also the second in the fourth year of his reign is only counted from Nisan.

רִבִּי לָעְזָר בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חֲנִינָה. אַף לְמַלְכֵי אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם אֵין מּוֹנִין אֶלָּא מִנִּיסָן. בַּשִּׁשִּׁי בִּשְׁנַת שְׁתַּיִם לְדָרְיָוֶשׁ. בַּשְּׁמִינִי [בִּשְׁנַת] שְׁתַּיִם לְדָרְיָושֶׁ. נֹאמַר בַּשְּׁמִינִי בִּשְׁנַת שָׁלֹשׁ. חֵיפָה אָמַר. שְׁמִינִי נֶאֱמַר תְּחִילָּה אֶלָּא שֶׁאֵין מוּקְדָּם וּמְאוּחָר בַּתּוֹרָה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. כְּתִיב וְעַתָּה שִׂימוּ נָא לְבַבְכֶם מִן הַיּוֹם הַזֶּה וָמָעְלָה מִטֶּרֶם שׂוּם אֶבֶן אֶל אֶבֶן בְּהֵיכַל יְי. הָא כֵיצַד. בַּשִּׁישִּׁי הוּסַּד. בַּשְּׁמִינִי נֶאֱמַר הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה. אִין תֵּימַר. כְּבָר שָׂמוּ יְאוּת אָמַר חֵיפָה. אִין תֵּימַר. לֹא שָׂמוּ. לֹא אָמַר חֵיפָה כְלוּם. הָתִיב רִבִּי יִצְחָק. וְהָכְתִיב וַיְהִי בְּאַחַת וְשֵׁשׁ מֵאוֹת שָׁנָה בָּרִאשׁוֹן בְּאֶחָד לַחוֹדֶשׁ. וְתַנֵּי עֲלָהּ. שְׁנַת הַמַּבּוּל אֵינָהּ עוֹלָה מִן הַמִּינְיָין. תִּיפְתָּר כְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. דְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר. בְּתִשְׁרֵי נִבְרָא הָעוֹלָם. וְהָכְתִיב וַיְהִי בְּחוֹדֶשׁ נִיסָן שְׁנַת עֶשְׂרִים. וַיְהִי בְחוֹדֶשׁ כִּסְלֵיו שְׁנַת עֶשְׂרִים. תִּיפְתָּר כְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר. דְּרִבִּי אֱלִיעֶזֶר אָמַר. כָּל שָׁנָה שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנְסוּ לָהּ שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. וְהָכְתִיב וַיְהִי בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּאֶחָד לַחוֹדֶשׁ הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן. אִין תֵּימַר שְׁנַת שְׁלִישִׁית הִיא. עַל יְדֵי שֶׁלֹּא נִכְנְסוּ שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. וְהָכְתִיב וַיְהִי בְּחֹדֶשׁ הַשֵּׁינִי בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּעֶשְׂרִים בַּחוֹדֶשׁ. וְהָא אִית בַּשַּׁתָּא חַמְשִׁין יוֹמִין. וְאֵין מוֹנִין אוֹתָהּ שָׁנָה שְׁלֵימָה. הָדָא מִן תְּתוּבְתָה דְּרִבִּי יִצְחָק דְּאִינִין קַשְׁיָין.Rebbi Eleazar in the name of Rebbi Ḥanina: Also for the kings of the peoples of the world one only counts from Nisan. In the sixth, in year two of Darius1:15. He reports that they started to build the Second Temple on 6/24 of year 2 of Darius.. In the eighth, [in year] two of Darius. 1:1. If the regnal year of Darius were counted from the start of the 7th Month, Tishre, the eighth month would have to be in year three.. Should we not say, “in the eighth in year three”? Heipha said, the eighth was said first but there is no earlier and later in the Torah is written after Haggai in the minor prophets has no chronological relevance. “Torah” here includes the entire Hebrew Bible (and Mishnah, Note 318) and is not restricted to the Pentateuch. Cf. Megillah1:2 (70d l.59); also Sheqalim6:1 (49d l. 70) and Sotah8:3 (Note 127) as minority opinion of R. Meïr. Babli Pesaḥim6b (Num. rabba9(44)).. Rebbi Jonah said, it is written: and now take notice, starting with this day, before a stone is set upon stone in the Temple of the Eternal2:15. The prophecy is dated 9/2 of year 2 of Darius.. How is this? In the sixth the foundation stone was laid. In the eighth this verse was said. If you are saying, they already laid, Heipha is correct. If you are saying, they did not lay, Heipha did not say anything. Rebbi Isaac objected: Is it not written. 9:13., it was in the 601-st year, in the first, on the first day of the month? And it was stated on this, the year of the Flood is not counted(of Babylonian redaction) which asserts that the numbers given in Gen. may be added, which means that overlapping parts of years have been eliminated. If the year started in Tishre, in the middle of the Flood, the statement is acceptable, but not if it started in Nisan, since the flood started only on 2/17 of that year. This problem is treated in detail by the 16th Cent. Rabbi Moses Almosnino (published in Moriah30, part 5–7, pp. 19–21, 2010.). Explain it following Rebbi Eliezer, as Rebbi Eliezer said, in Tishre was the world created. start in Tishre. Babli 10b.. But is it not written, it was in the month of Nisan of year twenty2:1.; it was in the month of Kislew of year twenty. 1:1. Nehemiah was informed in Kislew of year 20 of Artaxerxes of the sorry state of Jerusalem; in Nisan of the same year he asked permission to leave Susa and go to Jerusalem. The regnal year must have started in the fall.? Explain it following Rebbi Eliezer, as Rebbi Eliezer said, any year of which 30 days have not elapsed is not counted as a full year. But is it not written 40:17., It was in the first month of the second year, on the first of the month, when the Sanctuary was erected? If you are saying that it was the third year and because 30 days had not elapsed it is not counted as a full year, is it not written. 10:11 (misquoted). Since this verse refers to the service in the Tabernacle, it must refer to a time posterior to that quoted in the preceding verse; the statement in the name of R. Eliezer must be rejected. (In the Babli 10b the statement is formulated in a way which makes it not relevant to the case discussed here.), it was in the second year in the second month, on the twentieth of the month? There are 50 days in the year, and it would not be counted as a whole year? That is one of Rebbi Isaac’s answers which are difficult.

בֵּין כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר מִנִּיסָן מוֹנִין בֵּין כְּמָאן דְּאָמַר מִתִּשְׁרֵי מוֹנִין. מַה בֵינֵיהוֹן. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁטָרוֹת יוֹצְאוֹת בֵּינֵיהוֹן. לָוָוה מִלְוֶוה בְאִיָיר וְכָתַב בָּהּ. שָׁנָה שְׁנִיָיה לַמַּלְכוּת. מָכַר מְכִירָה בְמַרחֶשְׁוָן וְכָתַב בָּהּ. שְׁנִיָיה לַמַּלְכוּת. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מִנִּיסָן מוֹנִין. מִלְוֶוה קָדְמָה. מָאן דְּאָמַר. מִתִּשְׁרֵי מוֹנִין. מְכִירָה קָדְמָה.What is the difference whether one says that one counts from Nisan or one counts from Tishre? Rebbi Jonah says, the difference is the proof power of documents10a.. If he took a loan in Iyar and wrote in it, the second year of government; he sold real estate in Marḥeshwan and wrote in it, the second year of government. For him who says that one counts from Nisan, the loan preceded. For him who said that one counts from Tishre, the sale preceded.

כֵּיצַד לַמְּלָכִים. מֵת בְּאָדָר וְעָמַד מֶלֶךְ בְּאָדָר. נִמְנֵית שָׁנָה לָזֶהּ וְשָׁנָה לָזֶה. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. וְהוּא שֶׁנִּכְנַס לְנִיסָן. דִּי לֹא כֵן כְּהָדָא וַיִּמְלֹךְ יֶרַח יָמִים בְּשׁוֹמְרוֹן. אֵין לָךְ לַעֲמוֹד עַל שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא מִשְּׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה. וְלֹא עַל שְׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יְהוּדָה אֶלָּא מִשְּׁנֵי מַלְכֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. כְּתִיב וְהַיָּמִים אֲשֶׁר מָלַךְ דָּוִד עַל כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל אַרְבָּעִים שָׁנָה וגו׳. וּכְתִיב בְּחֶבְרוֹן מָלַךְ עַל יְהוּדָה שֶׁבַע שָׁנִים וְשִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים וּבִירוּשָׁלַם מָלַךְ וגו׳. בִּכְלָל חֲסֵירִים וֹבִפְרָט יְתֵירִים. רִבִּי יִצְחָק בַּר קְצָצְתָה בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁלֹשִׁים וּשְׁתַּיִם ומֶחֱצָה הָיוּ. אֶלָּא בִשְׁבִיל לַחֲלוֹק לוֹ כָבוֹד לִירוּשָׁלִַם הוּא מוֹנֶה אוֹתָן שְׁלֵימוֹת. יְהוּדָה בִּירְבִּי אוֹמֵר. חֶשְׁבּוֹן מְרוּבֶּה בוֹלֵעַ לְחֶשְׁבוֹן מְמוּעָט. אָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן. וְהָיָה כִּי יִמְלְאוּ יָמֶיךָ. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. דָּוִד. יָמִים מְלֵיאִים אֲנִי מוֹנֶה לָךְ. אֵינִי מוֹנֶה לָךְ יָמִים חֲסֵירִים. [שְׁלֹמֹה בִנְךָ בוֹנֶה בֵית הַמִּקְדָּשׁ אֶלָּא לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבָּנוֹת. חָבִיב עָלַי מִשָׁפָּט וּצְדָקָה שֶׁלָּךְ יוֹתֵר מִכָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר עֲשֹׂה צְדָקָה וּמִשְׁפָּט נִבְחָר לַה׳ מִזָּבַח.] רַב חוּנָא אָמַר. כָּל אוֹתָן שִׁשָּׁה חֳדָשִׁים שֶׁהָיָה דָוִד בּוֹרֵחַ מִפְּנֵי אַבְשָׁלוֹם בְּנוֹ בִּשְׂעִירָה הָיָה מִתְכַּפֵּר כְהֶדְיוֹט. אָמַר רִבִּי יוּדָן בֵּירִבִּי שָׁלוֹם. כְּתִיב כִּי שֵׁשֶׁת חֳדָשִׁים יָשַׁב שָׁם יוֹאָב וְכָל יִשְׂרָאֵל. אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא. אֲנִי אָמַרְתִּי לָךְ. אַל תִּתְגָּרוּ בָם. וּבִיקַשְׁתָּ לְהִתְגָּרוֹת בָּם. חַיֶּיךָ שֶׁאֵינָן נִימְנִין לָךְ.How for kings? If he died in Adar and a king took office in Adar it is counted as a year for both of them. Rebbi Jonah said, only if he reached Nisan. Otherwise like the following, he ruled one month in Samaria 15:13. If he had ruled longer, it would have counted for a year.. You can determine the years of the kings of Israel only through the years of the kings of Jehudah, and you can determine the years of the kings of Jehudah only through the years of the kings of Israel are necessary to establish the correct correspondences. This leaves uncertainty for the days of the united monarchy.. It is written 2:11.: And the time that David ruled over Israel was forty years, etc. And it is written5:4. Then according to the rules given earlier, the reign should have been counted as 41 years. Cf. Babli Sanhedrin107a/b., in Hebron he ruled over Jehudah seven years and six months, etc. In total they are deficient and in detail excessive. Rebbi Isaac bar Qaṣaṣata in the name of Rebbi Jonah: they were thirty-two and a half years, but to honor Jerusalem he counts them as entire. The great Jehudah says, the greater number absorbs the lesser. 2:1 (Notes 66–67), also Mo`ed qatan3:7 (83d l.4). As answer to the problem of the excess 6 months it is unsatisfactory. Rebbi Samuel bar Naḥman said, when your days will be complete 7:12.. The Holy One, praise to Him, said to David: I am counting full days for you, I am not counting missing days for you. [Will not your son Solomon build the Temple to sacrifice? Law and justice that you are upholding is more to my liking than sacrifices, as it is said. 21:3., upholding justice and law is preferred by the Eternal to sacrifice.] Rav Huna said, the entire six months during which David was in flight before his son Absalom, his sins would have been atoned for by a female goat as for a commoner3:3, Note 111. Since during Absalom’s revolt David was not ruling as a king, the 40½ years of his reign actually were only 40 years of rule.. Rebbi Yudan ben Rebbi Shalom said, it is written. 11:16., for six months dwelt there Joab and all of Israel. The Holy One, praise to Him, said to him: I did tell you, do not attack them. 2:5., but you desired to attack them. By your life, they will not be counted for you.

Jerusalem Talmud Rosh Hashanah.1.1