Швиит — Талмуд Йерушалми

Швиит

Швиит — Талмуд Йерушалми на Бет ха-Мидраш: еврейский текст и перевод на русский, с Раши и великими комментаторами. Бесплатно, онлайн.

משנה: עַד אֵימָתַי חוֹרְשִׁין בִּשְׂדֵה הָאִלָן עֶרֶב שְׁבִיעִית בֵּית שַׁמַּאי אוֹמְרִים כָּל זְמָן שֶׁהוּא יָפֶה לַפֶּרִי. וּבֵֹית הִלֵּל אוֹמְרִים עַד הָעַצֶּרֶת. וּקְרוֹבִים דִּברֵי אֵלּוּ לִהְיוֹת כְּדִבְרֵי אֵלּוּ.MISHNAH: Until when may one plough an orchard in the year preceding the Sabbatical? The House of Shammai say, as long as it helps the fruits, the House of Hillel say, until Pentecost. Their words do not differ by much.

הלכה: עַד אֵימָתַי חוֹרְשִׁין כו׳. כְּתִיב שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂיךָ וּבַיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי תִּשְׁבּוֹת. וּכְתִיב בֶּחָרִישׁ וּבַקָּצִיר תִּשְׁבּוֹת. מַה אֲנָן קַיָימִין אִם לְעִנְיַין שַׁבָּת בְּרֵאשִׁית וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כָּל מְלַאכְתֶּךָ. וְאִם לְעִנְיַין שַׁבְּתוֹת שָׁנִים וַהֲלֹא כְּבָר נֶאֱמַר שֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים תִּזְרַע שָׂדֶךָ וְשֵׁשׁ שָׁנִים תִּזְמוֹר כַּרְמֶךָ. אֶלָּא אִם אֵינוֹ עִנְיָין לְשַׁבָּת בְּרֵאשִׁית וְלֹא לְעִנְיַין שַׁבְּתוֹת שָׁנִים תְּנֵיהוּ עִנְיָין בְּאִיסּוּר שְׁנֵי פְּרָקִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים. בֶּחָרִישׁ וּבַקָּצִיר תִּשְׁבּוֹת בֶּחָרִישׁ שֶׁקְּצִירוֹ אָסוּר וְאֵי זֶה זֶה. זֶה חָרִישׁ שֶׁל עֶרֶב שְׁבִיעִית שֶׁהוּא נִכְנַס לַשְּׁבִיעִית. וּבַקָּצִיר שֶׁחָרִישׁוֹ אָסוּר וְאֵי זֶה זֶה. זֶה קָצִיר שֶׁל שְׁבִיעִית שֶהוּא יוֹצֵא לְמוֹצָאֵי שְׁבִיעִית.HALAKHAH: “Until when may one plough, etc.” It is written9b, Makkot 8b. In both places, the argument is attributed to the school of R. Aqiba. In Mekhilta deR.Simeon bar Ioḥai to 34:22, it is attributed to R. Jehudah. Practice noted in the next paragraph follows the school of R. Ismael as explained in Mishnah 5. (Ex. 23:12): “Six days you shall do your work but on the Seventh Day you shall rest.” And it is written (Ex. 34:21): “You shall rest from ploughing and harvesting.. 23:12 reads: “Six days you shall do your work but on the Seventh Day you shall cease, so that your donkey and your ox may rest and the son of your bondsmaid and the stranger may recuperate.” Ex. 34:21: “Six days you shall work; on the Seventh day you shall rest, from ploughing and harvesting you shall rest.” It would seem more natural to quote the second verse in toto; this is the approach of the commentaries which emend the first quote away but such an approach is impossible since our text clearly quotes two different verses. The explanation is in the Mekhiltot(deR.Ismael,Massekhta dekhas pa, p. 331; deR.Simeon bar Ioḥai,Mishpaṭim, p. 217): It says in the Ten Commandments, that “six days you shall labor and do all your work.” Hence, one could think that the Sabbath has to be kept only if all work is permitted on weekdays. This would exclude the Sabbath days of the Sabbatical year since most agricultural work is forbidden in the Sabbatical. Hence, the verse Ex. 23:12 is necessary to include the Sabbath days of the Sabbatical years; this only makes sure that Ex. 34:21 is redundant as far as both Sabbath day and Sabbatical year are concerned.” Where do we hold? If one speaks about the Sabbath of Creation, was it not already said (Ex. 20:9): “Six days you shall labor and do all your work?” If one speaks about Sabbatical years, was it not already said (Lev. 25:3): “Six years you shall sow your field and six years you shall prune your vineyard?” If it cannot refer to the Sabbath of Creation nor to Sabbatical years, let it refer to the prohibition of the first two terms. “You shall rest from ploughing and harvesting,” from ploughing when harvesting is forbidden; what is this? This is ploughing in the year preceding the Sabbatical in preparation of the Sabbatical. And from harvesting when ploughing is forbidden, what is this? That is the harvest of Sabbatical growth after the Sabbatical.

וְאִם כֵּן לָמָּה נֶאֱמַר חוֹרְשִׁין עַד רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה. רִבִּי קְרוּסְפִּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן רַבָּן גַּמְלִיאֵל וּבֵית דִּינוֹ הִתִּירוּ בְאִיסּוּר שְׁנֵי פְרָקִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים. רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן בָּעֵי לֹא כֵן תַּנִּינָן אֵין בֵית דִּין יָכוֹל לְבַטֵּל דִּבְרֵי בֵית דִּין חֲבֵירוֹ עַד שֶׁיְּהֵא גָדוֹל מִמֶּנּוּ בְחָכְמָה וּבְמִינְיָין. רִבִּי קְרוּסְפִּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן שֶׁאִם בִּקְּשׁוּ לַחֲרוֹשׁ יַחֲרוֹשׁוּ. וְיַעַקְרוּ אוֹתָן מִן הַמִּשְׁנָה. רִבִּי קְרוּסְפִּי בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹחָנָן שֶׁאִם בִּקְּשׁוּ לַחֲזוֹר יַחֲזוֹרוּ.If it is so, why was it said: One ploughs until the New Year. The statement of R. Joḥanan is a Tosephta (Ševi‘it 1:1). In the Babli (Mo‘ed qaṭan3b) the statement is attributed to R. Joshua ben Levi; in neither Talmud is it presented as a tannaïtic statement.? Rebbi Crispus in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: Rabban Gamliel and his court abolished the prohibition of the first two terms. Rebbi Joḥanan asked: Did we not state: No court may annul the words of another court unless it is greater in wisdom and numbers 1:5. Rabban Gamliel and his court are inferior to the Men of the Great Assembly both in stature and in numbers.? Rebbi Crispus in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If they wanted to plough, they may plough 4a).. Then it should have been eliminated from the Mishnah! Rebbi Crispus in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: If they wanted to re-establish it, they may do so.

הָתִיב רִבִּי יוֹנָה הֲרֵי פָּרְשַׁת מִילּוּאִין הֲרֵי פָּרְשַׁת דּוֹר הַמַּבּוּל הֲרֵי אֵינָן עֲתִידִין לַחֲזוֹר מֵעַתָּה יַעַקְרוּ אוֹתָן מִן הַמִּשְׁנָה. אֶלָּא כְדֵי לְהוֹדִיעָךְ. וְכָא כְדֵי לְהוֹדִיעָךְ. אָמַר רִבִּי מָנָא כַּיי דְתַנִּינָן תַּמָּן שֶׁאִם יֹאמַר אָדָם כָּךְ אֲנִי מְקוּבָּל יֹאמְרוּ לוֹ כְדִבְרֵי רִבִּי אִישׁ פְּלוֹנִי שָׁמַעְתָּ. וְכֵן שֶׁאִם יֹאמַר אָדָם שָׁמַעְתִּי שֶׁאָסוּר לַחֲרוֹשׁ עַד רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה יֹאמַר לוֹ בְּאִיסּוּר שְׁנֵי פְּרָקִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים שָׁמַעְתָּ.Rebbi Jonah objected: There is the chapter on the induction and the chapter on the generation of the deluge which will have no future use. 29) amd once in its execution (Lev. 8–9). The rules given there have no future application since the priesthood of the descents of Aaron is permanent. Similarly, since God has sworn that there will be no more global deluge (Gen. 9:11), the story of the deluge has no future applications.. Should they have been eliminated from what is studied? They are there to inform you. So here also to inform you. Rebbi Mana said, as we stated there 1:6, explaining why the Mishnah also transmits opinions which are rejected in practice. The information about rejected opinions is necessary for the future.: “If a person says, so is my tradition, one will say to him, you heard the opinion of Rebbi X.” And so, if somebody should say, I heard that it is forbidden to plough until the New Year, they will say to him, you heard the prohibition of the first two terms.

רִבִּי אָחָא בְשֵׁם רִבִּי יוֹנָתָן בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָסְרוּ לַמִּקְרָא סָמְכוּ וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לַמִּקְרָא סָמְכוּ. בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁאָסְרוּ לַמִּקְרָא סָמְכוּ בֶּחָרִישׁ וּבַקָּצִיר תִּשְׁבּוֹת בֶּחָרִישׁ שֶׁקְּצִירוֹ אָסוּר וְאֵי זֶה זֶה זֶה חָרִישׁ שֶׁל עֶרֶב שְׁבִיעִית שֶׁהוּא נִכְנַס לַשְּׁבִיעִית. וּבַקָּצִיר שֶׁחָרִישׁוֹ אָסוּר וְאֵי זֶה זֶה זֶה קְצִיר שֶׁל שְׁבִיעִית שֶהוּא יוֹצֵא לְמוֹצָאֵי שְׁבִיעִית. וּבְשָׁעָה שֶׁהִתִּירוּ לַמִּקְרָא סָמְכוּ. שֵׁשֶׁת יָמִים תַּעֲבוֹד וְעָשִׂיתָ כָּל מְלַאכְתֶּךָ מַה עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת בְּרֵאשִׁית אַתְּ מוּתָּר לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה עַד שֶׁתִּשְקַע הַחַמָּה אַף עֶרֶב שַׁבְּתוֹת שָׁנִים אַתְּ מוּתָּר לַעֲשׂוֹת מְלָאכָה עַד שֶׁתִּשְקַע הַחַמָּה.Rebbi Aḥa in the name of Rebbi Joḥanan: When they forbade it, they were inspired by Scripture, and when they permitted it, they were inspired by Scripture. When they forbade it, they were inspired by Scripture, (Lev. 25:3): “You shall rest from ploughing and harvesting,” from ploughing when harvesting is forbidden; what is this? This is ploughing in the year preceding the Sabbatical in preparation of the Sabbatical. And from harvesting when ploughing is forbidden, what is this? That is the harvest of Sabbatical growth after the Sabbatical. When they permitted it, they were inspired by Scripture, (Ex. 20:9): “Six days you shall labor and do all your work,” just as on the eve of the Sabbath of Creation one may do work until sundown, also before the start of the Sabbatical year one may work until sundown 3b–4a) has another interpretation, based on R. Ismael’s opinion in Mishnah 1:5. It cannot accept the interpretation here since in the theory of the Babli one is obliged by biblical decree to start Sabbath and holidays some time before sundown (Yoma 82b, Roš Haššanah 9a)..

Jerusalem Talmud Sheviit.1.1