Szekalim — Talmud Jeruszalmi

Szekalim

Szekalim — Talmud Jeruszalmi w serwisie Beth HaMidrash: tekst hebrajski i jego polskie tłumaczenie, z Raszim i wielkimi komentatorami. Za darmo, online.

משנה: בְּאֶחָד בַּאֲדָר מַשְׁמִעִין עַל הַשְּׁקָלִים וְעַל הַכִּלְאַיִם. וּבַחֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר בּוֹ קוֹרִין אֶת הַמְּגִילָּה בַּכְּרַכִּים וּמְתַקְּנִין אֶת הַדְּרָכִים וְאֶת הָרְחוֹבוֹת וְאֶת מִקְווֹת הַמַּיִם וְעוֹשִׂין כָּל צוֹרְכֵי הָרַבִּים וּמְצַיְּינִין עַל הַקְּבָרוֹת וְיוֹצְאִין אַף עַל הַכִּלְאָיִם:MISHNAH: On the first of Adar one proclaims about sheqalim(Ex. 30:11–16). The expenses of the Temple service had to be paid from the tax collected for the year starting on Nisan 1. Since the tax could be enforced in the Land of Israel, it was sufficient to remind people of their duty and set up collection points one month in advance.In talmudic times, and already in the LXX, the profane sheqel was identified with the Greek and Roman didrachma, or 2 denar piece, approximately equal to the Achemaenean sheqel (siglos). However, it is clear from the talmudic sources as well as the coinage of the first war against the Romans that as sacrificial sheqel the old Canaanite and Israelite sheqel was used, approximately a Roman tetradrachma (cf. Qiddušin 1:1, Note 122.), and therefore the biblical half-sheqel was a full profane sheqel. and about kilaim growth from their fields, so they should not run the risk that their harvest be forbidden for all use., and on the fifteenth of that month one reads the Esther scroll in fortified places1:1., and one repairs the roads, and the streets, and water pools or to water supply for the pilgrims. Both kinds of pools may contain dust deposited there by the rains of the winter months., and one looks after all public needs, and marks the graves, and also goes to inspect for kilaim.

הלכה: בְּאֶחָד בַּאֲדָר מַשְׁמִעִִין כול׳. וְלָמָּה בְאֶחָד בַּאֲדָר. כְּדֵי שֶׁיָּבִיאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶת שִׁקְלֵיהֶן בְּעוֹנָתָן וְתִיתָּרֵם תְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה מִן הַחֲדָשָׁה בִזְמַנָּהּ בְּאֵחָד בְּנִיסָן. וָמַר רִבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק. [תְּרוּמַת הַלִּשְׁכָּה] כַּתְּחִילָּתָהּ. [דִּ]כְתִב וַיְהִי בַּחוֹדֶשׁ הָרִאשׁוֹן בַּשָּׁנָה הַשֵּׁינִית בְּאֶחָד לַחוֹדֶשׁ הוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן. וְתַנֵּי עֲלָהּ. בַּיּוֹם שֶׁהוּקַם הַמִּשְׁכָּן בּוֹ בַיּוֹם נִתְרְמָה הַתְּרוּמָה. רִבִּי טָבִי רִבִּי יֹאשַׁיָה בְשֵׁם כַּהֲנָא. נֶאֱמַר כָּאן חָדְשֵׁי וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן חָדְשֵׁי. מַה חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלְּא מִנִּיסָן אַף חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלְּא מִנִּיסָן אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹנָה. שְׁבַק רִבִּי טָבִי רֹאשָׁהּ וְאָמַר סוֹפָא. דִּלֹ כֵן כַּהָדָא דְתַנֵּי. זֹאת עוֹלַת חוֹדֶשׁ בְּחָדְשׁוֹ. יָכוֹל תְּהֵא תוֹרֵם בְּכָל חוֹדֶשׁ וָחוֹדֶשׁ. תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר בְּחוֹדְשׁוֹ לְחָדְשֵׁי. בְּחוֹדֶשׁ אֶחָד הוּא תוֹרֵם לְכָל חָדְשֵׁי הַשָּׁנָה. יָכוֹל בְּאֵיזֶה חוֹדֶשׁ שֶׁיִּרְצֶה. נֶאֶמַר כָּאן חָדְשֵׁי וְנֶאֱמַר לְהַלָּן חָדְשֵׁי. מַה חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר לְהַלָּן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלְּא מִנִּיסָן אַף חָדְשֵׁי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כָּאן אֵין מוֹנִין אֶלֶּא מִנִּיסָן.HALAKHAH: “On the first of Adar one proclaims,” etc. Why on the first of Adar? So that Israel should bring their sheqalim in time and it should be disbursed from the new contributions to the treasury on time on the First of Nisan. And Rebbi Samuel ben Rav Isaac said, [the heave of the treasury]1:1 (56d line 4, ר). as at its start, as it is written 40:17., it was in the First month of the Second year, on the first of the month, that the Sanctuary was erected. It was stated hereto, on the day the Sanctuary was erected, on the same day the contribution 30:11–16. was collected. Rebbi Tabi, Rebbi Yoshia in the name of Cahana. It is said here months, and it is said there, months. 28:14: this is the monthly elevation offering on its day of the New Moon, for the months of the year. This is compared to Ex. 12:2, this month shall be for you the start of months; it is the first of the months of the year. The latter verse designates the month of the spring equinox as start of the year in all matters of sacrificial ritual.. Since months mentioned there are only counted from Nisan, so also months mentioned here are only counted from Nisan. Rebbi Jonah said, Rebbi Tabi left out the start and only quoted the end; this is not done since it was stated was stated by R. Tabi, it is impossible to see what it refers to. One has to state the baraita in its entirety for it to make sense. Babli Roš Haššanah7a.: This is the elevation sacrifice for a month at its New Moon. 28:14.. I could think that one should collect every month, the verse says at its New Moon for the months; at one New Moon one collects for all months of the year. I could think on any month of his choosing, it is said here months, and it is said there, months. Since months mentioned there are only counted from Nisan, so also months mentioned here are only counted from Nisan.

מָהוּ מַשְׁמִעִין. רב הוּנָא אָמַר. מַכְרִיזִין. הֵיךְ מַה דְאַתְּ אָמַר. וַיִּתְּנוּ קוֹל בִּיהוּדָה וּבִירוּשָׁלַם.What means “one lets hear”? Rav Huna said, one proclaims of the Greek verb κηρύσσω., as you are saying 24:9., they made a proclamation in Jehudah and Jerusalem.

תַּמָּן תַּנִּינָן. אֵין בֵּין אֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן לַאֲדָר הַשֵּׁינִי אֶלָּא מִקְרָא מְגִילָּה וּמַתָּנוֹת לָאֶבְיוֹנִים. רִבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי. אַף שִׁימּוּעַ שְׁקָלִים וְכִלְאַיִם בֵּינֵיהֶן. רִבִּי חֶלְבּוֹ וְרַב חוּנָה רַב בְּשֵׁם רִבִּי חִיָיה רַבָּה. הַכֹּל יוֹצְאֵין בְּאַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר שֶׁהוּא זְמַן קְרִיָיתָהּ. אָמַר רִבִּי יוֹסֵה. וְיֵאוּת. כְּלוּם אָמְרוּ מַשְׁמִעִין עַל הַשְּׁקָלִים לֹא כְּדֵי שֶׁיָּבִיאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁקְלֵיהֶן בְּעוֹנָתָן. אְִם אוֹמֵר אַתְּ בַּאֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן. עַד כְדוֹן אִית בְּשַּׁתָּא שִׁיתִין יוֹמִין. כְּלוּם אָמְרוּ יוֹצְאִין אַף עַל הַכִּלְאָיִם לֹא כְּדֵי שֶׁיְּהוּ הַצְּמָחִין נִיכָּרִין. אִם אוֹמֵר אַתְּ בַּאֲדָר הָרִאשׁוֹן. עַד כְדוֹן אִינּוּן דַּקִּיקִין.1:7, 71a line 21, מ. There, we have stated1:7.: “The only difference between a First Adar and a Second Adar is the reading of the Esther scroll and gifts to the poor”. Rebbi Simon in the name of Rebbi Joshua ben Levi, also proclamations regarding sheqalim and kilaim are between them1:1 in an intercalary year refers to the first day of Second Adar.. Rebbi Ḥelbo and Rav Ḥuna, Rav in the name of the Great Rabbi Ḥiyya: Everybody may fulfill his obligation on the Fourteenth, which is the time of its reading for different places. It is stated that the dates other than the 14 of Adar are not absolute; the 14 is valid at all places.. Rebbi Yose said, this is correct. Did they not say,. one proclaims about sheqalim, so that Israel should bring their sheqalim in time? If you would say on the First Adar, there still would be sixty days {left} in the year. Did they not say, also one goes to inspect for kilaim, not that the plants should be recognizable? If you would say in the First Adar, they still would be small.

רִבִּי חִזְקִיָּה שָׁאַל. מֵעַתָּה בְּנֵי בָבֵל מַשְׁמִעִין עַל שִׁיקְלֵיהֶן מֵרֹאשׁוֹ שֶׁלְחוֹדֶשׁ. לֹא כְּדֵי שֶׁיָּבִיאוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל שִׁקְלֵיהֶן בְּעוֹנָתָן וְתִיתָּרֵם תְּרוּמַת הַלִּישְׁכָּה מִן הַחֲדָשָׁה בִזְמַנָּהּ בְּאֵחָד בְּנִיסָן. הָתִיב רִבִּי עוּלָּא קוֹמֵי רִבִּי מָנָא. וְהָא תַנִּינָן. בִּשְׁלשָׁה פְּרָקִים בַּשָּׁנָה תּוֹרְמִין אֶת הַלִּשְׁכָּה בְּפַרְסְ הַפֶּסַח בְּפַרְסְ הָעֲצֶרֶת בְּפַרְסְ הַחַג. אָמַר לֵיהּ. נֵימַר. אִילֵּין דִּקְרֵיבִין בִּפְרֹס הַפֶּסַח. אִילֵּין דִּרְחִיקִין בִּפְרֹס הָעֲצֶרֶת. וְאֵילִּין דִּרְחִיקִין מִינְּהוֹן בִּפְרֹס הַחַג. אָמַר לֵיהּ. כּוּלָּהּ כְּאַחַת הָיְתָה בָּאָה. וְלָמָּה אָמְרוּ בִּשְׁלשָׁה פְּרָקִים. כְּדֵי לַעֲשׂוֹת פּוֹמְפֵּי לַדָּבָר.Rebbi Ḥisqiah asked: But then the people in Babylonia proclaim about sheqalim on the start of the month. Was it not so that Israel should bring their sheqalim in time and it should be disbursed from the new contributions to the treasury on time on the First of Nisan? Rebbi Ulla asked before Rebbi Mana: Did we not state, “three times a year one disburses from the treasury, half a month before, “one half”, meaning half a month before the holiday indicated (Halakhah 3:1, Tosephta 2:1). Passover, before Pentecost, before Tabernacles.” He told him, we may say, before Passover, from those near; before Pentecost, from those farther away, before Tabernacles, from those still farther away. He answered him, it was collected all at one time. And why did they say, “three times a year”? To make a procession. of the occasion.

Jerusalem Talmud Shekalim.1.1