Bava Kama — Talmud Yeruşalmi

Bava Kama

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משנה: אַרְבָּעָה אָבוֹת נְזִיקִין הַשּׁוֹר וְהַבּוֹר וְהַמַּבְעֶה וְהַהֶבְעֵר. לֹא הַשּׁוֹר כַּהֲרֵי הַמַּבְעֶה וְלֹא הַמַּבְעֶה כַּהֲרֵי הַשּׁוֹר. לֹא זֶה וָזֶה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהֶן רוּחַ חַיִים כַּהֲרֵי הָבּוֹר שֶׁאֵין בָּהּ רוּחַ חַיִים לֹא זֶה וָזֶה שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק כַּהֲרֵי הָאֵשׁ שֶׁאֵין דַּרְכּוֹ לֵילֵךְ וּלְהַזִּיק. הַצַּד הַשָּׁוֶה שֶׁבָּהֶן שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לְהַזִּיק וּשְׁמִירָתָן עָלֶיךָ וּכְשֶׁהִזִּיק חָב הַמַּזִּיק לְשַׁלֵּם תַּשְׁלוּמֵי נֶזֶק בְּמֵיטַב הָאָרֶץ.MISHNAH: There are four main categories of damages 21–22, as explained in the Halakhah.: The bull 21:28–32;35–36., and the pit 21:33–34., and the devourer 22:4. The Aramaic root בעי is found in Pseudo-Jonathan to Num. 22:2 as translation of Hebrew לחך “to devour”. The unusual expression מַבְעֶה is used to subsume two legal terms under one., and the setting on fire 22:5.. The bull is not like the devourer, nor the devourer like the bull; neither of them who are alive is like the pit which is not alive, nor either of them which move in causing damage is like the fire which does not move in causing damage. The common theme of them is that they are usually causing damage and you are obligated to watch them, and if damage was caused the person causing the damage is obligated to pay the damages in best quality land 22:4..

הלכה: אַרְבָּעָה אָבוֹת נְזִיקִין כול׳. הַשּׁוֹר זֶה הַקֶּרֶן. דְּכְתִיב כִּי יִגֹּף שׁוֹר אִישׁ אֶת שׁוֹר רְעֵהוּ וגו׳. עַד כְדוּן בְּתָם. בְּמוּעָד מְנַיִין. אוֹ נוֹדַע כִי שׁוֹר נַגָּח הוּא וגו׳. הַבּוֹר. כִּי יִפְתַּח אִישׁ בּוֹר וגו׳ בַּעַל הַבּוֹר יְשַׁלֵּם וגו׳. הַמַּבְעֶה. כִּי יַבְעֵר אִישׁ שָׂדֶה אוֹ כֶרֶם וְשִׁלַּח אֶת בְּעִירֹה. זֶה הָרֶגֶל. דִּכְתִיב מְשַׁלְּחֵי רֶגֶל הַשּׁוֹר וְהַחַמּוֹר. וּכְתִיב הָסֵר מְסוּכָּתוֹ וְהָיָה לְבָעֵר. זֶה הַשֵּׁן. פְּרוֹץ גְּדֵירוֹ וְהָיָה לְמִרְמָס. זֶה הָרֶגֶל. וְהַהֶבְעֵר. דִּכְתִיב כִּי תֵצֵא אֵשׁ וּמָצְאָה קוֹצִים וגו׳.HALAKHAH: “There are four main categories of damages,” etc. The bull means the horn, as is written: “If a man’s bull smite another person’s bull, 21:35.” etc. So far a harmless animal. From where a notorious [dangerous] one? “Or it was known that it be a goring bull, 21:36.” etc. The pit, “if a man open a pit,” etc.; “the pit’s owner has to pay, 21:33–34.” etc. The devourer: “If a person causes a field or a vineyard to be despoiled by sending his animals; 22:4. The meaning of יַבְעֵר is in doubt because of lack of parallels. It might as well be referring to damage by excessive grazing as to destruction by trampling.” this is the foot as it is written 32:20. The same explanation of Ex. 22:4 by Is. 32:20 is in the Babli, 2b.: “Those who send the foot of bull and donkey.” And it is written 5:5.: “Remove its cover and it will be despoiled,” that is the tooth, “tear down its fence and it will be trampled,” that is the foot. And the setting on fire, as it is written 22:5.: “If fire starts and finds thistles,” etc.

אֲנָן תַּנִּינָן. אַרְבָּעָה אָבוֹת נְזִיקִין. וְתַנֵּי רִבִּי חִיָיה שְׁלֹשָׁה עָשָׂר. נֶזֶק צַעַר רִיפּוּי שֶׁבֶת וּבוֹשֶׁת שׁוֹמֵר חִנָּם וְהַשּׁוֹאֵל נוֹשֵׂא שָׂכָר וְהַשּׂוֹכֵר. אֱמוֹר מֵעַתָּה. מַה דְתַנִּינָן אֲנָן לְהֶכְשֵׁר נְזָקִין. מַה דְתַנֵּי רִבִּי חִיָיה בֵּין לְהֶכְשֵׁר נְזָקִין בֵּין לְנִיזְקֵי גוּפוֹ. רִבִּי חַגַּיי שָׁאַל. הֵיךְ תַּנִּינָן. אַרְבָּעָה אָבוֹת נְזִיקִין. אִם הַכֹּל אָמוּר בְּשׁוֹר אֶחָד נִיתְנֵי שְׁלֹשָׁה. וְאִם הַכֹּל אָמוּר בְּשׁוֹר שְׁלֹשָׁה נִיתְנֵי חֲמִשָּׁה. אֶלָּא כְּמַה דְאִישְׁתָּעֵי קִרְיָיא אִישְׁתָּעְיַית מַתְנִיתָא.We have stated: “Four main categories of damages.” But Rebbi Ḥiyya stated thirteen: Damages, suffering, medical costs, loss of earning power, shame 21:19. “Suffering” means [payment for]bodily pain; “shame” refers to [payment for] mental anguish caused by loss of face.; the unpaid trustee, and the borrower, the paid trustee, and the renter 7:9 (based on Ex. 22:6–12). The unpaid trustee does not pay if he can swear that he did not use the property; the borrower pays for everything; the paid trustee and the renter have to pay for what was lost or stolen but may swear that it was not their fault if the damage was caused by an act of God or forcible robbery.. Say now, what we stated [refers to] responsibility for damages Sinai 133 (2004) 174–180 (Hebrew); but the relation was already noted by Eliahu Fulda.]. All damages payable for actions of one’s animals are really fines for the owner’s negligence in watching his animal.. What Rebbi Ḥiyya stated [refers to] both responsibility for damages and bodily injury. Rebbi Ḥaggai asked: How can we state “four main categories”? If everything was said about one bull; let us state “three,” if it was said about three bulls, let us state “five”! But as it is presented in the verse, thus it is presented in the Mishnah and tooth are interpretations of one and the same verse, they are counted as one in the Mishnah. 2:4 (Note 192)..

תּוֹלְדוֹת הַקֶּרֶן. נְגִיחָה נְגִיפָה נְשִׁיכָה רְבִיצָה בְעִיטָה דְחִיָיה. רִבִּי יִצְחָק מַקְשֵׁי. נְגִיפָה נְגִיחָה עִיקָּר הֵן וְאַתְּ עֲבִיד לוֹן תּוֹלְדוֹת. אֶלָּא מַתְחִיל בָּעִיקָּר וּמְסַיֵים בְּתוֹלְדוֹת.The derivatives of the horn 7 (9d l. 61), “pushing” is missing. In the Babli, 2b, the list is even shorter. In Mekhilta dR. Ismael, Mišpaṭim 12, the formulation of the list is attributed to R. Josia. The Babli’s list is also in Mekhilta dR. Simeon ben Ioḥai, Mišpaṭim, p. 278.: Goring21:28,31) used to describe the attack by an animal on a human., hitting 22:35, used for attacks on other animals., biting, wallowing, kicking, and pushing. Rebbi Isaac asked: Hitting and goring are fundamental, and you call them derivative? But he starts with the fundamentals and ends with the derivatives.

תּוֹלְדוֹת הַבּוֹר. כָּל פִּירְקָא תְלִיתָיָיא דְתַנִּינָן בִּנְזִיקִין. רִבִּי תַנֵּי. הִנִּיחַ גַּחֶלֶת בִּרְשׁוּת הָרַבִּים וּבָא אַחֵר וְנִתְקַל בָּהּ וּצְלוּחִיתוֹ בְיָדוֹ. נִשְׂרְפוּ כֵלָיו וְנִשְׁבְּרָה צְלוּחִיתוֹ חַיָיב עַל הַצְּלוּחִית מִשּׁוּם בּוֹר וְעַל הַכֵּלִים מִשּׁוּם אֵשׁ.Derivatives of the pit: The entire third Chapter of Mishnah Neziqin Chapter 3. The “pit” is the paradigm for any obstacle put in the public domain by a private person.. Rebbi stated: Somebody put a glowing coal in the public domain, another person came and stumbled over it while a flask was in his hand. If as a consequence that person’s clothing was singed and the flask in his hand was broken, he is obligated for the flask because of ‘pit’, and for the garments because of ‘fire’.

Jerusalem Talmud Bava Kamma.1.1