Avoda Zara — Talmud Bavli

Avoda Zara

Avoda Zara — Talmud Bavli pe Beth HaMidrash: textul ebraic și traducerea lui în română, cu Rași și marii comentatori. Gratuit, online.

מַתְנִי׳ לִפְנַי אֵידֵיהֶן שֶׁל גּוֹיִם שְׁלֹשָׁה יָמִים — אָסוּר לָשֵׂאת וְלָתֵת עִמָּהֶם, לְהַשְׁאִילָן וְלִשְׁאוֹל מֵהֶן, לְהַלְווֹתָן וְלִלְווֹת מֵהֶן, לְפוֹרְעָן וְלִפְרוֹעַ מֵהֶן. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה אוֹמֵר: נִפְרָעִין מֵהֶן, מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמֵּיצֵר הוּא לוֹ. אָמְרוּ לוֹ: אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֵּיצֵר הוּא עַכְשָׁיו, שָׂמֵחַ הוּא לְאַחַר זְמַן.MISHNA: On the three days before the festivals of gentiles the following actions are prohibited, as they would bring joy to the gentile, who would subsequently give thanks to his object of idol worship on his festival: It is prohibited to engage in business with them; to lend items to them or to borrow items from them; to lend money to them or to borrow money from them; and to repay debts owed to them or to collect repayment of debts from them. Rabbi Yehuda says: One may collect repayment of debts from them because this causes the gentile distress. The Rabbis said to Rabbi Yehuda: Even though he is distressed now, when he repays the money, he is happy afterward that he is relieved of the debt, and therefore there is concern that he will give thanks to his object of idol worship on his festival.

גְּמָ׳ רַב וּשְׁמוּאֵל, חַד תָּנֵי ״אֵידֵיהֶן״, וְחַד תָּנֵי ״עֵידֵיהֶן״. מַאן דְּתָנֵי ״אֵידֵיהֶן״ לָא מִשְׁתַּבַּשׁ, וּמַאן דְּתָנֵי ״עֵידֵיהֶן״ לָא מִשְׁתַּבַּשׁ.GEMARA: Rav and Shmuel disagree with regard to the correct version of the text of the mishna. One teaches the term meaning: Their festivals, as eideihen, spelled with an alef as the first letter, and one teaches eideihen with an ayin as the first letter. The Gemara comments: The one who teaches eideihen with an alef is not mistaken, and the one who teaches eideihen with an ayin is not mistaken, as there is support for each version of the term.

מַאן דְּתָנֵי ״אֵידֵיהֶן״ לָא מִשְׁתַּבַּשׁ, דִּכְתִיב: ״כִּי קָרוֹב יוֹם אֵידָם״, וּמַאן דְּתָנֵי ״עֵידֵיהֶן״ לָא מִשְׁתַּבַּשׁ, דִּכְתִיב: ״יִתְּנוּ עֵדֵיהֶם וְיִצְדָּקוּ״.The Gemara elaborates: The one who teaches eideihen with an alef is not mistaken, as it is written: “For the day of their calamity [eidam] is at hand” (Deuteronomy 32:35), and the future downfall mentioned in the verse is partly due to the festivals of idol worshippers. The term there is spelled with an alef. And likewise, the one who teaches eideihen with an ayin is not mistaken, as it is written: “Let them bring their witnesses [eideihem], that they may be justified” (Isaiah 43:9), i.e., the festivals will serve as witnesses against gentile sinners, proving that they engaged in idol worship. The term there is spelled with an ayin.

וּמַאן דְּתָנֵי ״אֵידֵיהֶן״, מַאי טַעְמָא לָא תָּנֵי ״עֵידֵיהֶן״? אָמַר לָךְ: תְּבָרָא עֲדִיף. וּמַאן דְּתָנֵי ״עֵידֵיהֶן״, מַאי טַעְמָא לָא תָּנֵי ״אֵידֵיהֶן״? אָמַר לָךְ: מַאן קָא גָרֵים לְהוּ תְּבָרָא? עֵדוּת שֶׁהֵעִידוּ בְּעַצְמָן, הִלְכָּךְ עֵדוּת עֲדִיפָא.The Gemara asks: And according to the one who teaches eideihen with an alef, what is the reason that he did not teach eideihen with an ayin? The Gemara answers: He could have said to you that a term that refers to a calamity is preferable. The Gemara asks: And the one who teaches eideihen with an ayin, what is the reason that he did not teach eideihen with an alef? The Gemara answers: He could have said to you: What causes this calamity to happen to them? It is the testimony that they testified against themselves. Therefore, a term that references testimony is preferable.

וְהַאי ״יִתְּנוּ עֵדֵיהֶם וְיִצְדָּקוּ״ בְּאוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם כְּתִיב? הָא בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל כְּתִיב, דְּאָמַר רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן לֵוִי: כׇּל מִצְוֹת שֶׁיִּשְׂרָאֵל עוֹשִׂין בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה בָּאוֹת וּמְעִידוֹת לָהֶם לָעוֹלָם הַבָּא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: ״יִתְּנוּ עֵדֵיהֶם וְיִצְדָּקוּ״ — אֵלּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל, ״יִשְׁמְעוּ וְיֹאמְרוּ אֱמֶת״ — אֵלּוּ אוּמּוֹת הָעוֹלָם.The Gemara asks: But is this verse: “Let them bring their witnesses that they may be justified,” written with regard to the nations of the world? Isn’t it written with regard to the Jewish people? As Rabbi Yehoshua ben Levi says: All the mitzvot that the Jews perform in this world will come and bear witness for them in the World-to-Come, as it is stated: “Let them bring their witnesses that they may be justified.” These are the Jews, as their good deeds bear witness for them and demonstrate their righteousness. When the verse states: “And let them hear, and say: It is truth” (Isaiah 43:9), these are the nations of the world, who will admit to the righteousness of the Jews.

Avodah Zarah.2a