Yibum e chalitsá — Rambam

Yibum e chalitsá

Yibum e chalitsá — Rambam no Beth HaMidrash: o texto hebraico e sua tradução em português, com Rashi e os grandes comentaristas. Grátis, online.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מִן הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁיְּיַבֵּם אָדָם אֵשֶׁת אָחִיו מֵאָבִיו בֵּין מִן הַנִּשּׂוּאִין בֵּין מִן הָאֵרוּסִין אִם מֵת בְּלֹא זֶרַע שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה ה) ״וּבֵן אֵין לוֹ״‎‎ (דברים כה ה) ״יְבָמָהּ יָבֹא עָלֶיהָ״‎‎. וּמִן הַתּוֹרָה אֵין צָרִיךְ לְקַדֵּשׁ יְבִמְתּוֹ שֶׁזּוֹ אִשְׁתּוֹ הִיא שֶׁהִקְנוּ אוֹתָהּ לוֹ מִן הַשָּׁמַיִם אֶלָּא יָבוֹא עָלֶיהָ. וּכְתֻבָּתָהּ עַל נִכְסֵי בַּעְלָהּ שֶׁמֵּת:It is a positive commandment (Positive Commandment 216) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 598) include this mitzvah as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.In his Guide for the Perplexed, the Rambam explains that marriage of this nature was a custom carried out before the giving of the Torah (as reflected by Genesis 38:8 , and the Torah allowed this rite to be perpetuated. Sefer HaChinuch explains that the closeness shared with the deceased by both his widow and his brother enjoins them to come together and produce a child who will perpetuate the deceased's memory and virtue. As Sefer HaChinuch mentions, there are also profound mystic concepts associated with this mitzvah. of Scriptural law for a man to marry the widow of his paternal 17b; Halachah 7 below). brother if he died without leaving children, as [Deuteronomy 25:5] states: "[And one of them dies] childless,... her husband's brother should cohabit with her." [This applies to a widow] from nisu'in, or from erusin.[The childless widow is referred to as a yevamah; the rite through which they marry, yibbum.]Scriptural law does not require a man to consecrate his yevamah, for she is his wife that heaven acquired for him. [All that is necessary] is that he cohabit with her. Her deceased husband's estate is responsible for her marriage contract. 22:10-14.

לֹא רָצָה לְיַבֵּם אוֹ שֶׁלֹּא רָצְתָה הִיא. הֲרֵי זֶה חוֹלֵץ לָהּ וְאַחַר כָּךְ תִּהְיֶה מֻתֶּרֶת לְהִנָּשֵׂא לְאַחֵר. וּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה מִן הַתּוֹרָה לַחֲלֹץ אִם לֹא רָצָה לְיַבֵּם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כה ט) ״וְחָלְצָה נַעֲלוֹ״‎‎ וְגוֹ'. וּמִצְוַת יִבּוּם קוֹדֶמֶת לְמִצְוַת חֲלִיצָה:If the yavam does not want to perform the rite of yibbum, or if the woman does not consent, he should [free her from this obligation through the rite of] chalitzah. [Only] afterwards is she permitted to marry another man.It is a positive commandment (Positive Commandment 217) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 599) include this mitzvah as one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. of Scriptural law for [a brother] to perform chalitzah for [the deceased's widow], if he does not want to perform the rite of yibbum, as [Deuteronomy 25:9] states: "She shall... remove his shoe.". Nevertheless, the mitzvah is considered to be incumbent on the brother of the deceased, because the effect of this mitzvah is that he foregoes a right - the right to marry the woman - that belongs to him. Until he performs chalitzah, the woman is bonded to him, and through performing chalitzah he severs this connection. Therefore, the mitzvah is considered his.Moreover, chalitzah is a means to dissolve the connection established by kiddushin. Since kiddushin are established by the man, chalitzah is also his initiative. See the Kovetz who questions whether the man is obligated to perform chalitzah or he merely has the opportunity of doing so.The mitzvah of yibbum takes precedence over the mitzvah of chalitzah. states:The mitzvah of yibbum takes precedence over the mitzvah of chalitzah. [This applied] originally, when the participants [in the rite] intended to perform a mitzvah. In the present age, when they do not intend to perform a mitzvah, the mitzvah of chalitzah takes precedence over the mitzvah of yibbum.In his Commentary on the Mishnah, the Rambam explains that the Mishnah follows the opinion of Abba Shaul, who maintains that the prohibition against marrying one's brother's wife is not removed entirely by the mitzvah of yibbum. Instead, it is merely temporarily superseded. And therefore, if the couple have any intentions other than the fulfillment of the mitzvah, they transgress this prohibition. As such, rather than involve oneself in such a challenge, one should perform the mitzvah of chalitzah.In that commentary, and in a subsequent responsum, the Rambam explains that the halachah follows the opinion of the Sages who differ with Abba Shaul. These Sages maintain that when a man dies childless, the prohibition against his brother's marrying his wife is lifted entirely. Even if the brother marries the widow because of her looks, or because of her money, there is no prohibition involved. For that reason, the mitzvah of yibbum takes precedence.The Ashkenazic community, following the rulings of Rabbenu Tam and the authorities who succeeded him, do not accept this ruling and follow Abba Shaul's opinion. Accordingly, the Shulchan Aruch (Even HaEzer 165:1) quotes the Rambam's view, while the Ramah states that chalitzah is preferable, and that a couple should not be allowed to perform yibbum unless the court is certain that their intent is solely to perform the mitzvah.There is some discussion of the Rambam's intent by the commentaries, for his ruling in Hilchot Gerushin 10:16 implies a recognition of the importance of chalitzah. Nevertheless, the clarity of his statements in his Commentary on the Mishnah and in Sefer HaMitzvot makes it obvious that he follows the opinion of the Sages who differ with Abba Shaul. At present, even within the Sephardic community, the mitzvah of chalitzah is generally observed.[Note also the opinion of the Beit Shmuel 174:3, who states that even according to the Ashkenazic authorities, by Scriptural law yibbum takes precedence, and that the primacy given to chalitzah is a Rabbinic institution.]

זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (דברים כה ה) ״וּבֵן אֵין לוֹ״‎‎ אֶחָד הַבֵּן וְאֶחָד הַבַּת אוֹ זֶרַע הַבֵּן אוֹ זֶרַע הַבַּת הוֹאִיל וְיֵשׁ לוֹ זֶרַע מִכָּל מָקוֹם. וּבֵין מֵאִשָּׁה זוֹ בֵּין מֵאַחֶרֶת הֲרֵי זֶה פּוֹטֵר אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ מִן הַחֲלִיצָה וּמִן הַיִּבּוּם. אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה לוֹ זֶרַע מַמְזֵר אוֹ עוֹבֵד עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה הֲרֵי זֶה פּוֹטֵר אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ מִן הַחֲלִיצָה וּמִן הַיִּבּוּם:The Torah's words [Deuteronomy 25:5], "When one of them dies childless" [should not be interpreted narrowly]. [When the deceased] has a son, a daughter, a descendant of a son, or a descendant of a daughter, as long as he has left progeny. - whether from the woman [to whom he is presently married] or from another woman, his wife is free from the obligation of chalitzah or yibbum.Even if he has a descendant who is illegitimate or an idolater, [that descendant] frees [the deceased's] wife from the obligation of chalitzah or yibbum.

אֲבָל בְּנוֹ מִן הַשִּׁפְחָה וּמִן הַכּוּתִית אֵינוֹ פּוֹטֵר אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ שֶׁזֶּרַע הַבָּא מִן הַשִּׁפְחָה עֲבָדִים וְהַבָּא מִן כּוּתִית כּוּתִי וּכְאִלּוּ אֵינָם. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר בְּשִׁפְחָה (שמות כא ד) ״הָאִשָּׁה וִילָדֶיהָ תִּהְיֶה לַאדֹנֶיהָ״‎‎ מְלַמֵּד שֶׁוְּלָדָהּ כְּמוֹתָהּ. וּבְכוּתִית הוּא אוֹמֵר (דברים ז ד) ״כִּי יָסִיר אֶת בִּנְךָ מֵאַחֲרַי״‎‎ מֵסִיר אוֹתוֹ מִלֵּחָשֵׁב בַּקָּהָל. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּשְׁתַּחְרֵר בְּנוֹ מִן הַשִּׁפְחָה אוֹ נִתְגַּיֵּר בְּנוֹ מִן הַכּוּתִית הֲרֵי הֵן כִּשְׁאָר הַגֵּרִים וְהַמְשֻׁחְרָרִין וְאֵינָם פּוֹטְרִין אֶת אִשְׁתּוֹ. הֲרֵי שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בֵּן מִן הַשִּׁפְחָה שֶׁלּוֹ וְשִׁחְרְרוֹ וְשִׁחְרְרָהּ וּנְשָׂאָהּ וּמֵת בְּלֹא זֶרַע הֲרֵי זוֹ תִּתְיַבֵּם לְאָחִיו וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבְּנָהּ מִמֶּנּוּ קַיָּם שֶׁכְּבָר שִׁחְרְרוֹ:[The above applies to children born from a Jewish woman.] If, however, [a deceased man] has a child born from a maidservant or a gentile woman, his wife is not free of these obligations. For the offspring of a maidservant are servants. And the offspring of a gentile woman are gentiles, and considered as if they have no connection to him.[These concepts are derived as follows:] With regard to a maidservant, [Exodus 21:4] states: "The woman and her children will belong to her master," teaching that her offspring have the same status as she. And with regard to a gentile woman, [Deuteronomy 7:4] states: "They will lead your son away from Me" - i.e., prevent him from being considered part of the congregation.Even when a man's son born from a maidservant is freed, or his son born from a gentile woman converts, he is regarded in the same way as other converts or freed slaves and does not cause [the deceased's] wife to be freed [from the obligation of yibbum]. [Even when a man] fathered a son with a maidservant, freed the son and the mother, and married her - if he dies without fathering any other children, his wife should perform the rite of yibbum with his brother, although the son [whom the deceased] fathered is alive and has been freed. 10:19.

מִי שֶׁמֵּת וְהִנִּיחַ אִשְׁתּוֹ מְעֻבֶּרֶת. אִם הִפִּילָה אַחַר מוֹתוֹ הֲרֵי זוֹ תִּתְיַבֵּם. וְאִם יָלְדָה וְיָצָא הַוָּלָד חַי לַאֲוִיר הָעוֹלָם אֲפִלּוּ מֵת בְּשָׁעָה שֶׁנּוֹלַד הֲרֵי אִמּוֹ פְּטוּרָה מִן הַחֲלִיצָה וּמִן הַיִּבּוּם. אֲבָל מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים עַד שֶׁיִּוָּדַע בְּוַדַּאי שֶׁכָּלוּ לוֹ חֳדָשָׁיו וְנוֹלַד לְתִשְׁעָה חֳדָשִׁים גְּמוּרִים. אֲבָל אִם לֹא נוֹדַע לְכַמָּה נוֹלַד. אִם חַי שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם הֲרֵי זֶה וְלַד קַיָּמָא וּפוֹטֵר נְשֵׁי אָבִיו מִן הַחֲלִיצָה וּמִן הַיִּבּוּם. וְאִם מֵת בְּתוֹךְ הַשְּׁלֹשִׁים אֲפִלּוּ בְּיוֹם הַשְּׁלֹשִׁים בֵּין שֶׁמֵּת מֵחלִי בֵּין שֶׁנָּפַל מִן הַגַּג אוֹ אֲכָלוֹ אֲרִי הֲרֵי זֶה סָפֵק נֵפֶל סָפֵק בֶּן קַיָּמָא וּצְרִיכָה חֲלִיצָה מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. אֲבָל לֹא תִּתְיַבֵּם:[The following rules apply when a man] dies and leaves his wife pregnant: If she miscarries after he dies, his wife [is obligated to] perform the rite of yibbum. If she bore the child, and the fetus emerged into the world alive, the mother is free of the obligation to perform the rite of chalitzah or yibbum. This applies even when the child dies immediately after being born.According to Rabbinic decree, however, [this does not apply] unless it is known that the child was carried for a full term pregnancy and was born after nine full months had passed. 156:4) states that these laws apply as long as we know that the pregnancy lasted into the ninth month. If, however, the term of the pregnancy is unknown [the following rules apply]: If the child lives 30 days, the child is considered viable, and he frees his father's wives from the obligation of yibbum or chalitzah.If the child dies within 30 days [of his birth], even on the thirtieth day, there is a doubt whether the child is viable or non-viable. This applies regardless of [the cause of the infant's death], whether he died as a result of illness, fell from a roof or was eaten by a lion. According to Rabbinic law, [the deceased's wives] must perform the rite of chalitzah;) rules that even if a fetus is stillborn, these laws still apply. they may not perform the rite of yibbum., and the prohibition against relations with her husband's brother remains in force.

Mishneh Torah, Levirate Marriage and Release.1