دزدی با زور و چیزهای گمشده — رامبام

دزدی با زور و چیزهای گمشده

دزدی با زور و چیزهای گمشده — رامبام در Beth HaMidrash: متن عبری و ترجمهٔ فارسی‌اش، با راشی و مفسران بزرگ. رایگان، آنلاین.

כָּל הַגּוֹזֵל אֶת חֲבֵרוֹ שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יג) "לֹא תִגְזל". אֵין לוֹקִין עַל לָאו זֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי הַכָּתוּב נִתְּקוֹ לַעֲשֵׂה שֶׁאִם גָּזַל חַיָּב לְהַחְזִיר שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה כג) "וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת הַגְּזֵלָה אֲשֶׁר גָּזָל" זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. וַאֲפִלּוּ שָׂרַף הַגְּזֵלָה אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם דָּמֶיהָ וְכָל לָאו שֶׁנִּתָּן לְתַשְׁלוּמִין אֵין לוֹקִין עָלָיו:Whoever robs an object worth a p'rutah from a colleague transgresses a negative commandment, as Leviticus 19:13 states: "Do not rob."Violation of this negative commandment is not punished by lashes, because it can be corrected by the fulfillment of a positive commandment. For if a person robs, he is obligated to return what he obtained by robbery, as ibid. 5:23 states: "And he shall return the article he obtained by robbery." This is a positive commandment.Even if the robber burned the object that he obtained by robbery, he is not punished by lashing, because he remains obligated to pay its value. And whenever the transgression of a negative commandment results in a financial penalty, it is not punished by lashing.

וְאָסוּר לִגְזל כָּל שֶׁהוּא דִּין תּוֹרָה אֲפִלּוּ עַכּוּ"ם אָסוּר לְגָזְלוֹ אוֹ לְעָשְׁקוֹ. וְאִם גְּזָלוֹ אוֹ עֲשָׁקוֹ יַחְזִיר:It is forbidden to rob even the slightest amount.It is forbidden even to rob or to withhold money from a gentile who worships idols. If one robs or withholds money from such a person, one must return it.

אֵי זֶהוּ גּוֹזֵל זֶה הַלּוֹקֵחַ מָמוֹן הָאָדָם בְּחָזְקָה כְּגוֹן שֶׁחָטַף מִיָּדוֹ מִטַּלְטְלִין אוֹ שֶׁנִּכְנַס לִרְשׁוּתוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בִּרְצוֹן הַבְּעָלִים וְנָטַל מִשָּׁם כֵּלִים. אוֹ שֶׁתָּקַף בְּעַבְדּוֹ וּבִבְהֶמְתּוֹ וְנִשְׁתַּמֵּשׁ בָּהֶן. אוֹ שֶׁיָּרַד לְתוֹךְ שָׂדֵהוּ וְאָכַל פֵּרוֹתֶיהָ וְכָל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה הוּא גּוֹזֵל. כָּעִנְיָן שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמואל ב כג כא) "וַיִּגְזל אֶת הַחֲנִית מִיַּד הַמִּצְרִי":What is meant by a robber? A person who takes by force property belonging to a colleague. For example, a person who seizes movable property from a colleague's hand, who enters a colleague's domain and takes utensils against his colleague's will, who seizes a colleague's servants or livestock and makes use of them, or who enters a colleague's field and eats his produce. These and any similar acts are considered robbery, as reflected by II Samuel 23:21, which states: "And he robbed the spear from the Egyptian."

אֵי זֶהוּ עוֹשֵׁק זֶה שֶׁבָּא מָמוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ לְתוֹךְ יָדוֹ בִּרְצוֹן הַבְּעָלִים וְכֵיוָן שֶׁתְּבָעוּהוּ כָּבַשׁ הַמָּמוֹן אֶצְלוֹ בְּחָזְקָה וְלֹא הֶחֱזִירוֹ. כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיָה לוֹ בְּיַד חֲבֵרוֹ הַלְוָאָה אוֹ שְׂכִירוּת וְהוּא תּוֹבְעוֹ וְאֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לְהוֹצִיא מִמֶּנּוּ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא אַלָּם וְקָשֶׁה. וְעַל זֶה נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא יט יג) "לֹא תַעֲשֹׁק אֶת רֵעֲךָ":What is meant by withholding a colleague's due? It refers to a person who was given money willingly by a colleague and then, when it was demanded of him, he forcefully maintained possession of it and refused to return it. For example, a person was given a loan or had hired a colleague, and when payment was demanded he forcefully refused to pay. Concerning this we were commanded, Leviticus 19:13: "Do not withhold money from your colleague."

כָּל הַגּוֹזֵל חַיָּב לְהַחְזִיר הַגְּזֵלָה עַצְמָהּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה כג) "וְהֵשִׁיב אֶת הַגְּזֵלָה אֲשֶׁר גָּזָל". וְאִם אָבְדָה אוֹ נִשְׁתַּנֵּית מְשַׁלֵּם דָּמֶיהָ. בֵּין שֶׁהוֹדָה מִפִּי עַצְמוֹ בֵּין שֶׁבָּאוּ עָלָיו עֵדִים שֶׁגָּזַל הֲרֵי זֶה חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם הַקֶּרֶן בִּלְבַד. אֲפִלּוּ גָּזַל קוֹרָה וּבְנָאָהּ בַּבִּירָה הוֹאִיל וְלֹא נִשְׁתַּנֵּית דִּין תּוֹרָה הוּא שֶׁיַּהֲרֹס אֶת כָּל הַבִּנְיָן וְיַחְזִיר קוֹרָה לִבְעָלֶיהָ. אֲבָל תִּקְּנוּ חֲכָמִים מִפְּנֵי תַּקָּנַת הַשָּׁבִים שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נוֹתֵן אֶת דָּמֶיהָ וְלֹא יַפְסִיד הַבִּנְיָן. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. אֲפִלּוּ גָּזַל קוֹרָה וַעֲשָׂאָהּ בְּסֻכַּת הֶחָג וּבָא בַּעַל הַקּוֹרָה לְתָבְעָהּ בְּתוֹךְ הֶחָג נוֹתֵן לוֹ אֶת דָּמֶיהָ. אֲבָל אַחַר הֶחָג הוֹאִיל וְלֹא נִשְׁתַּנֵּית וְלֹא בְּנָאָהּ בְּטִיט מַחְזִיר אֶת הַקּוֹרָה עַצְמָהּ:Whoever robs is obligated to return the article that he obtained by robbery itself, as it is written: "And he shall return the article he obtained by robbery." If this article was lost or underwent a change, the robber must pay its value. Whether he admits the robbery himself, or witnesses come and testify that he committed robbery, he is required to pay only the principal that he obtained by robbery.Even if a person robbed a beam and used it in building a house, Scriptural Law requires that he tear down the entire building and return the beam to its owner, for the beam remained unchanged. Nevertheless, to encourage robbers to repent, our Sages ordained that the robber pay the worth of the beam and did not require him to destroy his building. The same applies in all similar situations.Even if a person robbed a beam and used it in building a sukkah on Sukkot, and the owner came and demanded the return of the beam in the midst of the festival, the robber is required to pay only its value. After the conclusion of the festival, however, since the beam remains unchanged and it was not permanently affixed with mortar, the robber must return the beam itself.

Mishneh Torah, Robbery and Lost Property.1