سهم‌های اهدایی (تروموت) — رامبام

سهم‌های اهدایی (تروموت)

سهم‌های اهدایی (تروموت) — رامبام در Beth HaMidrash: متن عبری و ترجمهٔ فارسی‌اش، با راشی و مفسران بزرگ. رایگان، آنلاین.

הַתְּרוּמוֹת וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אֵינָן נוֹהֲגִין מִן הַתּוֹרָה אֶלָּא בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל. בֵּין בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת בֵּין שֶׁלֹּא בִּפְנֵי הַבַּיִת. וּנְבִיאִים הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיְּהוּ נוֹהֲגוֹת אֲפִלּוּ בְּאֶרֶץ שִׁנְעָר מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהִיא סְמוּכָה לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְרֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל הוֹלְכִין וְשָׁבִין שָׁם. וְהַחֲכָמִים הָרִאשׁוֹנִים הִתְקִינוּ שֶׁיִּהְיוּ נוֹהֲגוֹת אַף בְּאֶרֶץ מִצְרַיִם וּבְאֶרֶץ עַמּוֹן וּמוֹאָב מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהֵם סְבִיבוֹת לְאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל:According to Scriptural Law, [the obligation to separate] the terumot and the tithes applies only in Eretz Yisrael. 36b states that all the mitzvot involving the produce of the earth apply only in Eretz Yisrael. [It applies] whether the Temple is standing or not. 10:8-9.) The prophets ordained that these obligations should be observed in Babylon as well, because it is adjacent to Eretz Yisrael and the majority of the Jewish people journey to and from there.. Hence, the prophets gave it precedence over the other lands (Radbaz). The Sages of the early generations 3:3). ordained that they also be observed in the lands of Egypt and the lands of Ammon and Moab, because they are on the peripheries of Eretz Yisrael.

אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל הָאֲמוּרָה בְּכָל מָקוֹם הִיא בָּאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכִּבְּשָׁן מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ נָבִיא מִדַּעַת רֹב יִשְׂרָאֵל וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא כִּבּוּשׁ רַבִּים. אֲבָל יָחִיד מִיִּשְׂרָאֵל אוֹ מִשְׁפָּחָה אוֹ שֵׁבֶט שֶׁהָלְכוּ וְכָבְשׁוּ לְעַצְמָן מָקוֹם אֲפִלּוּ מִן הָאָרֶץ שֶׁנִּתְּנָה לְאַבְרָהָם אֵינוֹ נִקְרָא אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּנְהֲגוּ בּוֹ כָּל הַמִּצְוֹת. וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה חִלֵּק יְהוֹשֻׁעַ וּבֵית דִּינוֹ כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לִשְׁבָטִים אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלֹּא נִכְבְּשָׁה כְּדֵי שֶׁלֹּא יִהְיֶה כִּבּוּשׁ יָחִיד כְּשֶׁיַּעֲלֶה כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט וְיִכְבּשׁ חֶלְקוֹ:Whenever Eretz Yisrael is mentioned, the intent is the lands conquered by the King of Israel or a prophet with the consent of the entire Jewish people. This is called "a conquest of the community." 5:6. If, however, an individual Jew, a family, or a tribe go and conquer a place for themselves - even in the land given to Abraham 5:1) states, from Abraham's time onward, even though the land was still possessed by the Canaanites, the Jews were already its legal owners. See also Bava Batra 119b. - it is not considered as Eretz Yisrael in the sense that one is obligated to observe all the mitzvot there.. For this reason, Joshua and his court divided the entire Land of Israel into tribal portions even though it was not conquered [entirely] at that time. In this way, when every tribe would ascend and conquer its portion, it would not be considered as merely an individual conquest.

הָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכָּבַשׁ דָּוִד חוּץ לְאֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן כְּגוֹן אֲרַם נַהֲרַיִם וַאֲרַם צוֹבָה וְאַחְלָב וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁמֶּלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל הוּא וְעַל פִּי בֵּית דִּין הַגָּדוֹל הוּא עוֹשֶׂה אֵינוֹ כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל דָּבָר וְלֹא כְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ לְכָל דָּבָר כְּגוֹן בָּבֶל וּמִצְרַיִם. אֶלָּא יָצְאוּ מִכְּלַל חוּצָה לָאָרֶץ וְלִהְיוֹתָן כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לֹא הִגִּיעוּ. וּמִפְּנֵי מָה יָרְדוּ מִמַּעֲלַת אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל מִפְּנֵי שֶׁכָּבַשׁ אוֹתָם קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּכְבּשׁ כָּל אֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל אֶלָּא נִשְׁאַר בָּהּ מִשִּׁבְעָה עֲמָמִים. וְאִלּוּ תָּפַס כָּל אֶרֶץ כְּנַעַן לִגְבוּלוֹתֶיהָ וְאַחַר כָּךְ כָּבַשׁ אֲרָצוֹת אֲחֵרוֹת הָיָה כִּבּוּשׁוֹ כֻּלּוֹ כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְכָל דָּבָר. וְהָאֲרָצוֹת שֶׁכָּבַשׁ דָּוִד הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין סוּרְיָא:The lands which [King] David conquered outside of the Land of Canaan, e.g., Aram Naharaim, Aram Tzovah, Achlab, and the like, even though he was a King of Israel and he was acting with the consent of the High Court, 5:1). is not considered as the Land of Israel with regard to all matters, nor is it like the Diaspora, i.e., Babylonia and Egypt with regard to all matters. Instead, it was removed from the category of the Diaspora, but did not enter the category of Eretz Yisrael.Why was its level considered lower than that of Eretz Yisrael? Because David conquered them before he conquered all of Eretz Yisrael. 6:11) where he criticizes King David for this approach, quoting the Sifri (Parshat Ekev) that states that he did not act in accordance with the Torah. Since the designation of the land as Eretz Yisrael is through Divine fiat as expressed through the Torah. Accordingly, a conquest that is not in accord with the Torah cannot bring about such a designation (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. V, p. 9). Instead, there were still members of the seven nations there. If, however, he had conquered Eretz Yisrael entirely, in all of its boundaries, and afterwards conquered other lands, his entire conquest would have been equivalent to Eretz Yisrael with regard to all matters. The lands which [King] David conquered are called Syria.

סוּרְיָא יֵשׁ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהִיא בָּהֶן כְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל וְיֵשׁ דְּבָרִים שֶׁהִיא בָּהֶן כְּחוּצָה לָאָרֶץ. וְהַקּוֹנֶה בָּהּ קַרְקַע כְּקוֹנֶה בְּאֶרֶץ יִשְׂרָאֵל לְעִנְיַן תְּרוּמוֹת וּמַעַשְׂרוֹת וּשְׁבִיעִית. וְהַכּל בְּסוּרְיָא מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים:There are dimensions of [the laws that apply to] Syria that resemble [the laws that apply in] Eretz Yisrael 11:6); it is permitted to have a gentile compose a deed of purchase for land there on the Sabbath so that one will acquire the land (Hilchot Shabbat 6:11). and there are dimensions of [its laws] that resemble [those which apply] in the Diaspora.); a servant from Eretz Yisrael sold there is granted his freedom (Hilchot Avadim 8:6). A person who purchases landed property [in Syria] is comparable to one who purchases [land] in Eretz Yisrael with regard to terumot, tithes, and the Sabbatical year. All [the laws that apply] in Syria are of Rabbinic origin..

כָּל שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם וְנִתְקַדֵּשׁ קְדֻשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה כֵּיוָן שֶׁגָּלוּ בָּטְלָה קְדֻשָּׁתָן. שֶׁקְּדֻשָּׁה רִאשׁוֹנָה לְפִי שֶׁהָיְתָה מִפְּנֵי הַכִּבּוּשׁ בִּלְבַד קָדְשָׁה לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֹא קָדְשָׁה לֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָלוּ בְּנֵי הַגּוֹלָה וְהֶחֱזִיקוּ בְּמִקְצָת הָאָרֶץ קִדְּשׁוּהָ קְדֻשָּׁה שְׁנִיָּה הָעוֹמֶדֶת לְעוֹלָם לִשְׁעָתָהּ וְלֶעָתִיד לָבוֹא. וְהִנִּיחוּ אוֹתָם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת שֶׁהֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי מִצְרַיִם וְלֹא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל כְּשֶׁהָיוּ וְלֹא פְּטָרוּם מִן הַתְּרוּמָה וְהַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּסְמְכוּ עֲלֵיהֶם עֲנִיִּים בִּשְׁבִיעִית. וְרַבֵּנוּ הַקָּדוֹשׁ הִתִּיר בֵּית שְׁאָן מֵאוֹתָם הַמְּקוֹמוֹת שֶׁלֹּא הֶחֱזִיקוּ בָּהֶם עוֹלֵי בָּבֶל. וְהוּא נִמְנָה עַל אַשְׁקְלוֹן וּפְטָרָהּ מִן הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת:All of the lands that [the Jews] who ascended from Egypt took possession of were sanctified in the first consecration [of the land]. When they were exiled, that sanctity was nullified. 6:16, the Rambam states: "It was no longer Eretz Yisrael," i.e., none of the halachic obligations apply there. [The rationale is that] the initial consecration came about because of the conquest. [Hence,] its consecration was effective for the time [it was under their rule], but not for all time. The Radbaz explains that when the Jews ascended from Egypt, they did not make a statement, consecrating the land. Therefore its holiness could be nullified. When, by contrast, the descendants of the exiles ascended [from Babylon] and took possession of a portion of the land, 16a states: "Much of the land that was conquered by [the Jews who] ascended from Egypt was not conquered by [the Jews who] ascended from Babylon. they consecrated it a second time. [This consecration] is perpetuated forever, for that time and for all time., the Kessef Mishnah finds these statements difficult to accept because of the following questions:a) On what basis is chazakah considered a more effective means of acquisition than conquest?b) After the initial conquest of Eretz Yisrael, the Jewish people manifested their ownership over it and thus, effected a chazakah. If so, why is Ezra's chazakah, which was not preceded by conquest, more effective than the chazakah which followed the original conquest? Why should the conquest detract from the consecration of the land?To explain: As mentioned above, the Jewish people's ownership of the land began with God's promise of the land to Abraham. The sanctity of the land, by contrast, did not begin until the Jewish people actually took possession of it, upon their reentry into the land after the exodus from Egypt and the journey through the desert. At that time, they were commanded to conquer the land and take it forcefully from the Gentiles (see Numbers 32:29,Deuteronomy 3:21, et al). Since God made the consecration of the land dependent upon its conquest by the Jewish people, it follows that conquest by a Gentile nation can nullify its holiness.In contrast, Ezra was not commanded to reconquer Eretz Yisrael, but to settle it. In this instance, God made the sanctity of the land dependent on the Jewish people manifesting their ownership over it. In other words, the sanctity came from manifesting the true reality: that Eretz Yisrael is a Jewish land. Accordingly, since Eretz Yisrael remains our land, regardless of how many times it has been conquered by Gentiles, the sanctity effected by that manifestation of ownership also continues eternally (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. XV, pp. 102-109).[The Sages] left those places that had been settled by [the Jews who] ascended from Egypt, but were not settled by those who ascended from Babylon in their previous [halachic status] and did not exempt them from [the obligations of] terumah and tithes so that the poor could rely upon them in the Sabbatical year. Our holy teacher. released Beit Shan from those places which [the Jews] who ascended from Babylon did not take hold of. He decided that Ashkelon should be exempted from the tithes. relates that Rabbi Yehudah HaNasi released these cities from the obligation of the tithes, because they were not populated by Jews and were not close to the area settled by Jews.

Mishneh Torah, Heave Offerings.1