Порядок жертвоприношений — Рамбам

Порядок жертвоприношений

Порядок жертвоприношений — Рамбам на Бет ха-Мидраш: еврейский текст и перевод на русский, с Раши и великими комментаторами. Бесплатно, онлайн.

כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁל מִינֵי נֶפֶשׁ חַיָּה בָּאִין מֵחֲמִשָּׁה מִינִין בִּלְבַד. מִן הַבָּקָר וּמִן הַכְּבָשִׂים וּמִן הָעִזִּים וּמִן הַתּוֹרִים וּמִן בְּנֵי הַיּוֹנָה:All of the sacrifices of living animals comes from five species alone: a) cattle, b) sheep, c) goats, d) turtle doves, and e) small doves. 3:2 with regard to the differences between these species. In this chapter, the Rambam outlines the different types of animal sacrifices and which animals are offered for each one.

וְכָל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת בֵּין שֶׁל צִבּוּר בֵּין שֶׁל יָחִיד אַרְבָּעָה מִינִין. עוֹלָה. וְחַטָּאת. וְאָשָׁם. וּשְׁלָמִים:All of the sacrifices - whether those brought by the community or by individuals - are of four types: a) burnt-offerings, b) sin-offerings, c) guilt-offerings, and d) peace-offerings.

וְעוֹד יֵשׁ שָׁם שְׁלֹשָׁה מִינֵי קָרְבַּן יָחִיד וְהֵם הַפֶּסַח. וְהַבְּכוֹר. וְהַמַּעֲשֵׂר:There are also three other types of individual sacrifices: a) the Paschal sacrifice, b) the sacrifice of the firstborn, and d) the tithe sacrifice., the Rambam speaks of "peace-offerings and [offerings] that resemble peace-offerings." He later explains that the term "[offerings] that resemble peace-offerings" refers to the three types of sacrifices mentioned here, because they resemble peace-offerings." He elaborates on that theme in his commentary to Zevachim 5:5, explaining that the procedure in which these three sacrifices are offered resembles that of the peace-offerings with only minor differences. For that reason and because they are offerings which a person is required to bring only on specific and infrequent occasions, he does not consider them as a separate category of sacrifices.

כָּל קָרְבָּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר הֵן עוֹלָה אוֹ חַטָּאת. וְאֵין בְּקָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר שְׁלָמִים חוּץ מִשְּׁנֵי כְּבָשִׂים הַבָּאִים עִם לֶחֶם הַתְּנוּפָה בַּעֲצֶרֶת. וְהֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים זִבְחֵי שַׁלְמֵי צִבּוּר. וְאֵין הַצִּבּוּר מַקְרִיבִין אָשָׁם לְעוֹלָם וְלֹא עוֹף:All of the communal offerings are burnt-offerings or sin-offerings. There are no communal peace-offerings except the two sheep offered with the bread that is waved on Shavuot. They are called "the sacrifices of communal peace offerings." The community never offers a guilt offering, nor a fowl.

קָרְבְּנוֹת הַצִּבּוּר הֵם שְׁנֵי תְּמִידִין שֶׁל כָּל יוֹם. וּמוּסְפֵי שַׁבָּתוֹת וְרָאשֵׁי חֳדָשִׁים וְהַמּוֹעֲדוֹת וּשְׂעִיר חַטָּאת שֶׁל יוֹם הַכִּפּוּרִים. וְכֵן אִם שָׁגְגוּ בֵּית דִּין וְהוֹרוּ בַּעֲבוֹדָה זָרָה מֵבִיא כָּל שֵׁבֶט וְשֵׁבֶט פַּר וְשָׂעִיר. הַפָּר עוֹלָה וְהַשָּׂעִיר חַטָּאת. וְאֵלּוּ הַשְּׂעִירִים הֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים שְׂעִירֵי עֲבוֹדָה זָרָה. וְאִם שָׁגְגוּ וְהוֹרוּ בִּשְׁאָר הַמִּצְוֹת מְבִיאִין פַּר לְחַטָּאת וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא פַּר הֶעְלֵם דָּבָר שֶׁל צִבּוּר:The communal offerings are the two temidim offered every day, 1:1-3. the additional offerings of the Sabbaths, 4:9. Rashei Chodashim, and the festivals,, chs. 7-10. and the sin-offering of a goat brought on Yom Kippur. 10:2. Similarly, if [the High] Court of 71 judges who would hold their sessions in the Chamber of Hewn Stone. inadvertently gave an erroneous ruling with regard to the worship of false deities, every tribe is required to bring a bull and a goat. The bull is brought as a burnt-offering and the goat as a sin-offering. These goats are called "the goats of false deities." If they inadvertently gave an erroneous ruling with regard to other mitzvot, they bring a bull as a sin-offering. It is called "the bull associated with the overlooking of a matter by the community." 12:1.

Mishneh Torah, Sacrificial Procedure.1