Ежедневные жертвы и мусаф — Рамбам

Ежедневные жертвы и мусаф

Ежедневные жертвы и мусаф — Рамбам на Бет ха-Мидраш: еврейский текст и перевод на русский, с Раши и великими комментаторами. Бесплатно, онлайн.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַקְרִיב שְׁנֵי כְּבָשִׂים עוֹלוֹת בְּכָל יוֹם וְהֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים תְּמִידִין. אֶחָד בַּבֹּקֶר וְאֶחָד בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (במדבר כח ג) "שְׁנַיִם לַיּוֹם עלָה תָמִיד" וְגוֹ':It is a positive commandment to offer two lambs as burnt-offerings every day. (positive commandment 39) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 401) count this as one of the Torah's 613 mitzvot. The Ramban (at the conclusion to his Hosafos to the negative commandments) argues that they should be considered as two separate mitzvot. They are called the continuous offering. One [should be brought] in the morning and one in the afternoon as [Numbers 28:3] states: "Two each day, a continuous offering."

וְאֵימָתַי זְמַן שְׁחִיטָתָן. שֶׁל בֹּקֶר שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁתַּעֲלֶה הַחַמָּה מִשֶּׁיֵּאוֹר פְּנֵי כָּל מִזְרָח. ופַּעַם אַחַת דָּחֲקָה הַשָּׁעָה אֶת הַצִּבּוּר בְּבַיִת שֵׁנִי וְהִקְרִיבוּ תָּמִיד שֶׁל שַׁחַר בְּאַרְבַּע שָׁעוֹת בַּיּוֹם:When is the time at which they should be slaughtered? The morning one should be slaughtered before sunrise, 4a). when the entire eastern horizon becomes illuminated. Once there was a pressing situation for the community in [the era of] the Second Temple 6:1, based on the Jerusalem Talmud, Berachot 1:4), the Rambam explains that once during the Greek occupation of the Holy Land, the Temple was besieged. Each day, the priests would exchange two baskets of gold coins for two lambs. One day, however, the Greeks refused to make the exchange. The people were forlorn. Later that morning, they miraculously found two lambs in the Chamber of the Lambs and R. Yuda bar Bava ruled that the morning sacrifice could be offered if the fourth hour of the day had not passed. and they offered the daily morning sacrifice at four hours after daybreak.

תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ מִשֶּׁיַּאֲרִיךְ הַצֵּל וְיֵרָאֶה לַכּל שֶׁהֶאֱרִיךְ. וְהוּא מִשֵּׁשׁ וּמֶחֱצָה וָמַעְלָה עַד סוֹף הַיּוֹם. וְלֹא הָיוּ שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ בְּכָל יוֹם אֶלָּא בִּשְׁמוֹנֶה שָׁעוֹת וּמֶחֱצָה וְקָרֵב בְּתֵשַׁע וּמֶחֱצָה. וְלָמָּה מְאַחֲרִין אוֹתוֹ שְׁתֵּי שָׁעוֹת אַחַר תְּחִלַּת זְמַן שְׁחִיטָתוֹ. מִפְּנֵי הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁל יְחִידִים אוֹ שֶׁל צִבּוּר. לְפִי שֶׁאָסוּר לְהַקְרִיב קָרְבָּן כְּלָל קֹדֶם תָּמִיד שֶׁל שַׁחַר. וְלֹא שׁוֹחֲטִין קָרְבָּן אַחַר תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם חוּץ מִקָּרְבַּן פֶּסַח לְבַדּוֹ. שֶׁאִי אֶפְשָׁר שֶׁיַּקְרִיבוּ כָּל יִשְׂרָאֵל פִּסְחֵיהֶן בִּשְׁתֵּי שָׁעוֹת:[The lamb for] the continuous offering of the afternoon should be slaughtered when the shadows have been extended and it is obvious to all that they have been extended. This is from six and a half hours of the day until the day's end. Every day, they would not slaughter it until eight and a half hours of the day and they would offer it at nine and a half hours.Why would they delay [its slaughter] for two hours after the beginning of the time? Because of the sacrifices of individuals and those of the community. For it is forbidden to offer any sacrifice before the continuous offering of the morning and no sacrifice is offered after the continuous sacrifice of the afternoon 4a): "The eager hurry [to perform] mitzvot." with the exception of the Paschal sacrifice. [That leniency was granted, because] it is impossible for all of Israel to offer their Paschal sacrifices in two hours.

אֵין שׁוֹחֲטִין אֶת הַפֶּסַח אֶלָּא אַחַר תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם. וְכֵן מְחֻסְּרֵי כִּפּוּרִים מַקְרִיבִין כַּפָּרָתָן אַחַר תָּמִיד שֶׁל בֵּין הָעַרְבַּיִם בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעָה עָשָׂר כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיוּ טְהוֹרִין לֶאֱכל פִּסְחֵיהֶן לָעֶרֶב:The Paschal sacrifice is slaughtered only after the continuous offering of the afternoon. 1:4 for more details. Similarly, those individuals requiring atonement, ch. 1, this term refers to certain individuals - a zav, a zavah, a person afflicted with tzara'at, and a woman after childbirth - who are not permitted to partake of sacrifices until they offer certain sacrifices. may offer their atonement offerings after the continuous offering of the afternoon on the fourteenth [of Nisan] so that they will be ritually pure and [and able] to partake of their Paschal offerings in the evening. (Pesachim 59a).

עַרְבֵי פְּסָחִים בֵּין בְּחל בֵּין בְּשַׁבָּת הָיָה הַתָּמִיד נִשְׁחַט בְּשֶׁבַע וּמֶחֱצָה וְקָרֵב בִּשְׁמוֹנֶה וּמֶחֱצָה. כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהֶם פְּנַאי לִשְׁחֹט פִּסְחֵיהֶם. וְאִם חָל עֶרֶב פֶּסַח לִהְיוֹת עֶרֶב שַׁבָּת הָיוּ שׁוֹחֲטִין אוֹתוֹ בְּשֵׁשׁ וּמֶחֱצָה בִּתְחִלַּת זְמַנּוֹ. וְקָרֵב בְּשֶׁבַע וּמֶחֱצָה כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה לָהֶם רֶוַח לִצְלוֹת קֹדֶם שֶׁיִּכָּנֵס שַׁבָּת:When the day before Pesach falls during the week or on the Sabbath, the Afternoon Sacrifice would be slaughtered after seven and a half hours and offered after eight and a half hours so that [the people] would have time to slaughter their Paschal sacrifices. If the day before Pesach falls on Friday, [the Afternoon Sacrifice] would be slaughtered at six and a half hours, the beginning of the time allotted for it and offered at seven and a half hours, so that they would have ample time to roast [their sacrifices] before the commencement of the Sabath.

Mishneh Torah, Daily Offerings and Additional Offerings.1