Sünnet (Mila) — Rambam

Sünnet (Mila)

Sünnet (Mila) — Rambam Beth HaMidrash'ta: İbranice metin ve Türkçe çevirisi, Raşi ve büyük yorumcularla birlikte. Ücretsiz, çevrimiçi.

מִילָה מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁחַיָּבִין עָלֶיהָ כָּרֵת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (בראשית יז יד) ״וְעָרֵל זָכָר אֲשֶׁר לֹא יִמּוֹל אֶת בְּשַׂר עָרְלָתוֹ וְנִכְרְתָה הַנֶּפֶשׁ הַהִוא מֵעַמֶּיהָ״. וּמִצְוָה עַל הָאָב לָמוּל אֶת בְּנוֹ וְעַל הָרַב לָמוּל אֶת עֲבָדָיו (בראשית יז יב) ״יְלִיד בַּיִת וּמִקְנַת כֶּסֶף״. עָבַר הָאָב אוֹ הָאָדוֹן וְלֹא מָל אוֹתָן בִּטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב כָּרֵת שֶׁאֵין הַכָּרֵת תָּלוּי אֶלָּא בֶּעָרֵל עַצְמוֹ. וּבֵית דִּין מְצֻוִּים לָמוּל אוֹתוֹ הַבֵּן אוֹ הָעֶבֶד בִּזְמַנּוֹ וְלֹא יַנִּיחוּ עָרֵל בְּיִשְׂרָאֵל וְלֹא בְּעַבְדֵיהֶן:Circumcision is a positive mitzvah (Positive Commandment 215) and Sefer HaChinuch (Mitzvah 2) consider this one of the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. [whose lack of fulfillment] is punishable by). karet, 28a) and a severe spiritual punishment, the "soul's being cut off," and not being granted a share in the world to come (Hilchot Teshuvah 8:1,5). as [Genesis 17:14] states: "And an uncircumcised male who does not circumcise his foreskin - this soul will be cut off from his people." 7:6), the Rambam writes that our fulfillment of this mitzvah is not based on God's commandment to Abraham, but rather on the commandment issued to Moses (Leviticus 12:3), "On the eighth day, the child's foreskin will be circumcised." Nevertheless, the commandment to Abraham is still significant, and many particulars concerning circumcision are derived from it.A father 29a) is commanded to circumcise his son,, he is obligated by the mitzvah. Until that time, the father is responsible for the fulfillment of the mitzvah.The Minchat Chinuch (Mitzvah 2) questions the extent of the father's responsibility. If the father does not circumcise his son before the latter reaches majority, is the father still charged with the mitzvah (together with the son) or is the son solely responsible for the mitzvah?Likkutei Sichot (Vol. 11) explains that the question is dependent on a difference of opinion between the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. The Babylonian Talmud (Kiddushin 29a) derives the mitzvah from the verse (Genesis 21:4), "And Avraham circumcised his son, Isaac." This indicates that the mitzvah is primarily the father's (although after the son reaches adulthood, he also becomes responsible). In contrast, the Jerusalem Talmud (Kiddushin 1:7) quotes as a proof-text for the mitzvah (Leviticus 12:3), "On the eighth day, the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised." The Korban Eidah explains that this implies the mitzvah is the son's. Since he is not able to perform it himself as a youth, however, his father is given the responsibility while the child is a minor.Likkutei Sichot continues, explaining that the Rambam's position is obvious from his discussion of the blessings recited for the mitzvot in Hilchot Berachot, Chapter 11. In Halachah 11 of that chapter, the Rambam explains that if one performs a mitzvah on one's own behalf, one should use the form, "who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to...." In contrast, if one performs a mitzvah on behalf of another person, one uses the form, "... and commanded us concerning...."Rav Yitzchak ben Sheshet (Responsum 131) notes that the Rambam (Hilchot Bikkurim 11:5) rules that one should recite the blessing "...concerning the redemption of a son," implying that the mitzvah is not the father's, but the son's (merely that as an infant, the son cannot fulfill it). In contrast, in Chapter 3, Halachah 1, the Rambam states that a father should recite the blessing "... to circumcise...," implying that the mitzvah is his. and a master, his slaves., an intermediate rung between a gentile and a Jew. He is obligated to fulfill all the negative commandments and all those positive commandments that are not associated with a specific time. (See Hilchot Issurei Bi'ah 12:11.) This applies both to those who are born in his home and to those purchased by him. If the father or the master transgressed and did not circumcise them, he negated the fulfillment of a positive commandment. 19:6):If a person transgressed and did not circumcise his son or his servants born in his home... on the eighth day, he transgresses a very great and severe mitzvah, to which there is no comparison among the other mitzvot. He can never compensate for [the lack of fulfillment of] this mitzvah. His sin is much more severe than a person who did not build a sukkah on Sukkot, or one who did not eat matzah on Pesach. He is not, however, punished by karet, for karet is incurred only by the uncircumcised person himself. The court is obligated to circumcise that son, he is obligated by the mitzvah. Until that time, the father is responsible for the fulfillment of the mitzvah.The Minchat Chinuch (Mitzvah 2) questions the extent of the father's responsibility. If the father does not circumcise his son before the latter reaches majority, is the father still charged with the mitzvah (together with the son) or is the son solely responsible for the mitzvah?Likkutei Sichot (Vol. 11) explains that the question is dependent on a difference of opinion between the Babylonian and Jerusalem Talmuds. The Babylonian Talmud (Kiddushin 29a) derives the mitzvah from the verse (Genesis 21:4 , "And Avraham circumcised his son, Isaac." This indicates that the mitzvah is primarily the father's (although after the son reaches adulthood, he also becomes responsible). In contrast, the Jerusalem Talmud (Kiddushin 1:7) quotes as a proof-text for the mitzvah (Leviticus 12:3 , "On the eighth day, the flesh of his foreskin shall be circumcised." The Korban Eidah explains that this implies the mitzvah is the son's. Since he is not able to perform it himself as a youth, however, his father is given the responsibility while the child is a minor.Likkutei Sichot continues, explaining that the Rambam's position is obvious from his discussion of the blessings recited for the mitzvot in Hilchot Berachot, Chapter 11. In Halachah 11 of that chapter, the Rambam explains that if one performs a mitzvah on one's own behalf, one should use the form, "who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us or slave at the proper time and should not leave an uncircumcised male among the Jewish people or their slaves., loc. cit., interprets Genesis 17:10, "You must circumcise every male," as a charge to the Jewish court, making them responsible for circumcising every member of the people.

אֵין מָלִין בְּנוֹ שֶׁל אָדָם שֶׁלֹּא מִדַּעְתּוֹ אֶלָּא אִם כֵּן עָבַר וְנִמְנַע לְמוּלוֹ שֶׁבֵּית דִּין מָלִין אוֹתוֹ בְּעַל כָּרְחוֹ. נִתְעַלֵּם מִבֵּית דִּין וְלֹא מָלוּ אוֹתוֹ. כְּשֶׁיִּגְדַּל הוּא חַיָּב לָמוּל אֶת עַצְמוֹ. וְכָל יוֹם וְיוֹם שֶׁיַּעֲבֹר עָלָיו מִשֶּׁיִּגְדַּל וְלֹא יָמוּל אֶת עַצְמוֹ הֲרֵי הוּא מְבַטֵּל מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה. אֲבָל אֵינוֹ חַיָּב כָּרֵת עַד שֶׁיָּמוּת וְהוּא עָרֵל בְּמֵזִיד:We may not circumcise a person's son without his knowledge, 7:13-14, where the Rambam describes the prohibition against "stealing" the performance of a mitzvah from a colleague, and the fine of ten gold pieces for doing so. The Ramah (Choshen Mishpat 382:1) explicitly associates this concept with circumcising a person's son without his knowledge. unless he has transgressed and did not circumcise him. (Yoreh De'ah, Responsum 318) and Rav Kapach's commentary. [In such an instance,] the court must circumcise [the child] against [the father's] will.If the matter does not become known to the court and they do not circumcise him, when [the child] reaches bar mitzvah, he is obligated to circumcise himself. explains that there are three aspects to the mitzvah of circumcision:a) to remove the foreskin;b) to be circumcised;c) not to be uncircumcised. (See Chapter 2, Halachah 1.)< /p>The first aspect involves a single deed. The second and third dimensions, however, are ongoing qualities that a person continues to possess even after the deed of circumcision is completed. Thus, the Or Zarua quotes Menachot 43b, which relates that when King David entered the bathhouse, he was upset for he was "naked," without mitzvot. When he remembered that he was circumcised, he relaxed, realizing that he was still involved with the performance of a mitzvah.This indicates that, even years after his circumcision, he was considered to be fulfilling the mitzvah. In contrast, with regard to the mitzvot of tefillin and tzitzit, although he had just removed them, he was no longer considered to be involved in the performance of these mitzvot. With each and every day that passes after he has reached bar mitzvah, he negates a positive commandment. state, "It is as if he negates a commandment." The mitzvah of circumcision is not negated until the person dies without fulfilling it. Unlike tefillin or tzitzit, where each day a person performs a different mitzvah, there is only one mitzvah of circumcision (Rav Kapach). He is not, however, liable for karet until he dies uncircumcised,: premature death and the cutting off of the soul. According to the Rambam, a person who does not circumcise himself is liable only for the second aspect of this punishment, since until he dies, it is not known whether he will perform the mitzvah or not (Kessef Mishneh).The Ra'avad objects to the Rambam's statements, stating that each day he does not perform the mitzvah, he is liable for karet and is worthy of premature death. (Even according to the Ra'avad, were the person to circumcise himself, he would no longer be liable for karet). having intentionally [failed to perform the mitzvah]. if he initially failed to perform the mitzvah intentionally, and then was prevented from fulfilling it by forces beyond his control.

אֶחָד עֶבֶד שֶׁנּוֹלַד בִּרְשׁוּת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאֶחָד עֶבֶד הַנִּלְקָח מִן הַכּוּתִים חַיָּב הָרַב לָמוּל אוֹתָן. אֶלָּא שֶׁיְּלִיד בַּיִת נִמּוֹל לִשְׁמוֹנָה. וּמִקְנַת כֶּסֶף נִמּוֹל בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנִּלְקַח אֲפִלּוּ לְקָחוֹ בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנּוֹלַד נִמּוֹל בְּיוֹמוֹ:A master is obligated to circumcise both a slave who was born as the property of a Jewish owner and a slave purchased from the gentiles. [There is, however, a difference between the two.] A home-born slave should be circumcised on the eighth day [of his life]. 135b). In contrast, a slave who is purchased should be circumcised on the day he was purchased. If he was purchased on the day he was born, he should be circumcised on that day.

יֵשׁ מִקְנַת כֶּסֶף שֶׁנִּמּוֹל לִשְׁמוֹנָה וְיֵשׁ יְלִיד בַּיִת שֶׁנִּמּוֹל בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנּוֹלַד. כֵּיצַד. לָקַח שִׁפְחָה וְלָקַח עֻבָּרָהּ עִמָּהּ וְיָלְדָה הֲרֵי זֶה נִמּוֹל לִשְׁמוֹנָה. וְאַף עַל פִּי שֶׁלָּקַח הָעֻבָּר בִּפְנֵי עַצְמוֹ וַהֲרֵי הָעֻבָּר עַצְמוֹ מִקְנַת כֶּסֶף הוֹאִיל וְקָנָה אִמּוֹ קֹדֶם שֶׁנּוֹלַד נִמּוֹל לִשְׁמוֹנָה:There are, however, 135b. There are some slaves that are purchased who should be circumcised on the eighth day [of their lives], and home-born slaves who should be circumcised on the day they are born.What is implied? Should one purchase a maidservant and purchase [the rights to] her fetus [separately], when she gives birth, the baby should be circumcised on the eighth day. Although the fetus itself was purchased separately, since [the master] purchased his mother before the child was born, he should be circumcised on his eighth day. relates that, according to the Rambam, even if the master at first purchased only the rights to the fetus, and then purchased the mother, since she gave birth while in his domain, the slave is considered "home-born," and is circumcised on the eighth day.

לָקַח שִׁפְחָה לְעֻבָּרֶיהָ. אוֹ שֶׁלָּקַח שִׁפְחָה עַל מְנָת שֶׁלֹּא לְהַטְבִּילָהּ לְשֵׁם עַבְדוּת. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנּוֹלַד בִּרְשׁוּתוֹ נִמּוֹל בַּיּוֹם שֶׁנּוֹלָד. שֶׁהֲרֵי הַנּוֹלָד הַזֶּה כְּאִלּוּ הוּא מִקְנַת כֶּסֶף לְבַדּוֹ וּכְאִלּוּ הַיּוֹם קָנָהוּ. שֶׁאֵין אִמּוֹ בִּכְלַל שִׁפְחוֹת יִשְׂרָאֵל כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הַבֵּן יְלִיד בַּיִת. וְאִם טָבְלָה אִמּוֹ אַחַר שֶׁיָּלְדָה הֲרֵי זֶה נִמּוֹל לִשְׁמוֹנָה:If a person purchased a maidservant for her offspring, or purchased a maidservant with the intent of not immersing her as a slave,, a female maidservant becomes a shifchah C'na'anit and attains the intermediate status mentioned in the Commentary on Halachah 1.As the Rambam mentions in the following halachah, it is possible to purchase a gentile slave and maintain possession of him or her without changing his or her status in the above manner. even though her offspring is born in his domain, the child should be circumcised on the day he was born.[This ruling was granted, because] this child is considered as if he alone has been purchased [by his master], and it is as if he purchased him this day. His mother is not included among the maidservants of the Jewish people, so that the child could be considered "home-born." If his mother immersed herself after she gave birth, the child should be circumcised on the eighth day. 135b, supports the Rambam's decision, explaining that the Sages did not reach a final ruling on the matter, and hence the more stringent approach should be taken.

Mishneh Torah, Circumcision.1