Băi rituale (Micvaot) — Rambam

Băi rituale (Micvaot)

Băi rituale (Micvaot) — Rambam pe Beth HaMidrash: textul ebraic și traducerea lui în română, cu Rași și marii comentatori. Gratuit, online.

כָּל הַטְּמֵאִין בֵּין אָדָם בֵּין כֵּלִים בֵּין שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ טֻמְאָה חֲמוּרָה שֶׁל תּוֹרָה בֵּין שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ בְּטֻמְאָה שֶׁל דִּבְרֵיהֶן אֵין לָהֶן טָהֳרָה אֶלָּא בִּטְבִילָה בְּמַיִם הַנִּקְוִין בְּקַרְקַע:All impure entities - whether humans or keilim, whether they contracted a severe impurity of Scriptural origin or whether they contracted Rabbinic impurity - regain purity only through immersion in water that is collected in a pool in the ground.

כָּל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה רְחִיצַת בָּשָׂר וְכִבּוּס בְּגָדִים מִן הַטֻּמְאָה אֵינוֹ אֶלָּא טְבִילַת כָּל הַגּוּף בְּמִקְוֶה. וְזֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּזָב (ויקרא טו יא) "וְיָדָיו לֹא שָׁטַף בַּמָּיִם" כְּלוֹמַר שֶׁיִּטְבֹּל כָּל גּוּפוֹ. וְהוּא הַדִּין לִשְׁאָר הַטְּמֵאִין שֶׁאִם טָבַל כֻּלּוֹ חוּץ מֵרֹאשׁ אֶצְבַּע הַקְּטַנָּה עֲדַיִן הוּא בְּטֻמְאָתוֹ. וְכָל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהֵן מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה הֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר (ויקרא יא לב) "בַּמַּיִם יוּבָא וְטָמֵא עַד הָעֶרֶב וְטָהֵר" בִּנְיַן אָב לְכָל הַטְּמֵאִים שֶׁיָּבוֹאוּ בַּמַּיִם:Whenever the Torah mentions washing one's flesh or laundering one's garments from impurity, the intent is solely the immersion of the entire body or article in a mikveh. The phrase, Leviticus 15:11: "And he did not wash his hands in water," also refers to the immersion of the entire body. This also applies to other impure people. If one immersed himself entirely with the exception of the tip of his little finger, he is still ritually impure.Although all of these matters have their source in the Oral Tradition, Leviticus 11:32 does state: "He shall enter water; he remains impure until the evening and then he becomes pure." This rule is then applied with regard to all those impure: They must enter water.

כָּל הַכֵּלִים שֶׁנִּטְמְאוּ יֵשׁ לָהֶן טָהֳרָה בְּמִקְוֶה חוּץ מִכְּלֵי חֶרֶס וּכְלֵי זְכוּכִית וְכֵן הַמַּפָּץ. כְּלִי חֶרֶס נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ (ויקרא יא לג) "וְאֹתוֹ תִשְׁבֹּרוּ "וְאֵין לוֹ טָהֳרָה אֶלָּא שְׁבִירָה. אֲפִלּוּ חִבְּרוֹ בְּקַרְקַע וַאֲפִלּוּ קְבָעוֹ בְּמַסְמֵר וַאֲפִלּוּ מִלְּאָהוּ סִיד אוֹ גְּפָסִים הֲרֵי הוּא כְּמוֹ שֶׁהָיָה עַד שֶׁיִּשָּׁבֵר. וּכְלֵי זְכוּכִית כִּכְלֵי חֶרֶס עֲשָׂאוּם בְּדָבָר זֶה:All keilim that contract impurity can be purified through immersion in a mikveh with the exception of an earthenware container, a glass k'li, and a reed mat.With regard to an earthenware container, Leviticus 11:33 states: "You shall break it," implying that its purification comes only through breaking it. Even if it was joined to the earth, even affixed to it with a nail, and even if it was filled with lime or gypsum, it retains its impurity until it is broken. Our Sages considered glass keilim like earthenware containers in this respect.

הַמַּפָּץ אֵינוֹ בִּכְלַל הַכֵּלִים הַמְקַבְּלִים שְׁאָר כָּל הַטֻּמְאוֹת לְפִי שֶׁאֵינוֹ כְּלִי קִבּוּל אֵינוֹ מִכְּלַל כְּלֵי עֵץ הָאֲמוּרִין בַּתּוֹרָה וְהוֹאִיל וְהוּא רָאוּי לְמִשְׁכָּב נִתְרַבָּה לְטֻמְאַת מִדְרָס בִּלְבַד דִּין תּוֹרָה. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁאֵין לוֹ טֻמְאָה וְטָהֲרָה בְּפֵרוּשׁ וְנִתְרַבָּה לַטֻּמְאָה לֹא יִתְרַבֶּה לְטַהֵר בְּמִקְוֶה שֶׁאֵין מִתְטַהֵר בְּמִקְוֶה אֶלָּא הַכֵּלִים הָאֲמוּרִין בַּתּוֹרָה וְאֵין לַמַּפָּץ טָהֳרָה אֶלָּא קְרִיעָתוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּשָּׁאֵר פָּחוֹת מִשִּׁשָּׁה עַל שִׁשָּׁה טְפָחִים:A reed mat is not included among the keilim that are susceptible to other types of impurity. Since it does not have a receptacle, it is not in the category of the wooden keilim mentioned by the Torah. Nevertheless, since it is fit to lie upon, it was included among the keilim susceptible to midras impurity according to Scriptural Law. Now since there is no explicit mention of its association with purity and impurity in the Torah and yet, it was included among the articles that contract impurity, it was not included with regard to purification through immersion in a mikveh. For only keilim mentioned in the Torah can be purified in a mikveh. A reed mat can be purified only by being torn to the extent that there remain less than six handbreadths by six handbreadths.

הַזָּב אֵין לוֹ טָהֳרָה אֶלָּא בְּמַעְיָן שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בּוֹ (ויקרא טו יג) "בְּמַיִם חַיִּים" אֲבָל הַזָּבָה וּשְׁאָר הַטְּמֵאִין בֵּין אָדָם בֵּין כֵּלִים טוֹבְלִין אַף בְּמִקְוֶה:A zav can be purified only through immersion in a stream, for Leviticus 15:13 states that he must immerse "in living water." A zavah and other persons and keilim that are impure may immerse or be immersed in a mikveh.

Mishneh Torah, Immersion Pools.1