Vânzări (Mehira) — Rambam

Vânzări (Mehira)

Vânzări (Mehira) — Rambam pe Beth HaMidrash: textul ebraic și traducerea lui în română, cu Rași și marii comentatori. Gratuit, online.

הַמִּקָח אֵינוֹ נִקְנֶה בִּדְבָרִים. וַאֲפִלּוּ הֵעִידוּ עֲלֵיהֶם עֵדִים. כֵּיצַד. בַּיִת זֶה אֲנִי מוֹכֵר לְךָ. יַיִן זֶה אֲנִי מוֹכֵר לְךָ. עֶבֶד זֶה אֲנִי מוֹכֵר לְךָ. וּפָסְקוּ הַדָּמִים וְרָצָה הַלּוֹקֵחַ וְאָמַר קָנִיתִי. וְרָצָה הַמּוֹכֵר וְאָמַר מָכַרְתִּי. וְאָמְרוּ לָעֵדִים הֱווּ עָלֵינוּ עֵדִים שֶׁמָּכַר זֶה וְשֶׁלָּקַח זֶה. הֲרֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ כְּלוּם וּכְאִלּוּ לֹא הָיוּ בֵּינֵיהֶם דְּבָרִים מֵעוֹלָם. וְכֵן בְּנוֹתֵן מַתָּנָה וּמְקַבְּלָהּ:An article is not acquired merely through a verbal agreement. This applies even when witnesses testify that the principals have reached an agreement.What is implied? A person says: "I am selling you this house," "I am selling you this wine," or "I am selling you this servant," and a price is fixed. The purchaser agrees and says: "I have purchased it," the seller says: "I have sold it," and they tell witnesses: "Serve as witnesses that so and so has sold and so and so has purchased", their words are of no consequence. It is as if they had never spoken to each other at all. The same applies with regard to a person who gives a gift and its recipient.

אֲבָל אִם נִקְנָה הַמִּקָּח בְּאֶחָד מֵהַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהוּא נִקְנֶה בָּהֶם קָנָה הַלּוֹקֵחַ וְאֵינָן צְרִיכִין לְעֵדִים כְּלָל וְאֵין אֶחָד מֵהֶן יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ:If, however, the purchase is completed through one of the media by which property is transferred, the purchaser acquires the object. There is no need for witnesses; neither the seller or the purchaser may retract.

וּבְמָה יִקָּנֶה הַמִּקָּח. הַקַּרְקָעוֹת בְּאֶחָד מִשְּׁלֹשָׁה דְּבָרִים. בְּכֶסֶף. אוֹ בִּשְׁטָר. אוֹ בַּחֲזָקָה:How is an acquisition made? Landed property can be acquired in one of three ways: a) through the transfer of money, b) through the transfer of a deed of sale, or c) through chazakah (manifesting one's ownership).

כֵּיצַד בְּכֶסֶף. מָכַר לוֹ בַּיִת מָכַר לוֹ שָׂדֶה וְנָתַן לוֹ הַדָּמִים קָנָה. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁאֵין כּוֹתְבִין אֶת הַשְּׁטָר. אֲבָל בְּמָקוֹם שֶׁדַּרְכָּן לִכְתֹּב שְׁטַר מֶכֶר לֹא קָנָה עַד שֶׁיִּכְתֹּב אֶת הַשְּׁטָר. וְאֵין קַרְקַע נִקְנֵית בְּפָחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה:How is property acquired through the transfer of money? If one person sold another person a house or a field, and the purchaser gave him the money agreed upon, he acquires it. When does the above apply? In a place where it is not customary to write a deed of sale. In a place where it is customary to write a deed of sale, however, the purchaser does not acquire the property until a deed is composed.Landed property cannot be acquired for less than a p'rutah's worth.

הִתְנָה הַלּוֹקֵחַ וְאָמַר אִם רָצִיתִי אֶקְנֶה בְּכֶסֶף אוֹ אֶקְנֶה בִּשְׁטָר. וְנָתַן הַכֶּסֶף עַל תְּנַאי זֶה. הֲרֵי זֶה קַיָּם וְאֵין הַמּוֹכֵר יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ מִפְּנֵי הַתְּנַאי. וְהַלּוֹקֵחַ יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ עַד שֶׁיִּכְתֹּב אֶת הַשְּׁטָר. וְכֵן אִם הִתְנָה הַמּוֹכֵר כָּזֶה:If the purchaser makes the following stipulation: "If I desire, I will acquire it through the transfer of money, or if I desire I will acquire it through the transfer of a deed of sale," and gives money on the basis of this stipulation, it is established as a binding condition. Once the money has been paid, the seller cannot retract, because of the stipulation. The purchaser can, however, retract until the deed of sale is written.Similar laws apply if the seller makes such a condition.

Mishneh Torah, Sales.1