Förskingring (Meila) — Rambam

Förskingring (Meila)

Förskingring (Meila) — Rambam på Beth HaMidrash: den hebreiska texten och dess svenska översättning, med Raschi och de stora kommentatorerna. Gratis, på nätet.

אָסוּר לְהֶדְיוֹט לֵהָנוֹת מִקָּדְשֵׁי הַשֵּׁם. בֵּין מִדְּבָרִים הַקְּרֵבִין עַל גַּבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ. בֵּין מִקָּדְשֵׁי בֶּדֶק הַבַּיִת. וְכָל הַנֶּהֱנֶה בִּשְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה מִקָּדְשֵׁי הַשֵּׁם מָעַל:It is forbidden for an ordinary person to benefit from articles sanctified unto God, whether they are entities that are offered on the altar or articles consecrated for the improvement of the Temple. Anyone who derives a perutah' worth of benefit from an article sanctified unto God, is considered as having misappropriated a consecrated article.

דְּבָרִים שֶׁהֻתְּרוּ בַּאֲכִילָה מִן הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. כְּגוֹן בְּשַׂר חַטָּאת וְאָשָׁם אַחַר זְרִיקַת דָּמָן אוֹ שְׁתֵּי הַלֶּחֶם אַחַר זְרִיקַת דַּם שְׁנֵי הַכְּבָשִׂים אֵין בָּהֶן מְעִילָה. אֲפִלּוּ אָכַל הַזָּר מֵאֵלּוּ וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן. הוֹאִיל וְהֵן מֻתָּרִין לְמִקְצָת בְּנֵי אָדָם לֵהָנוֹת בָּהֶן כָּל הַנֶּהֱנֶה מֵהֶן לֹא מָעַל. וַאֲפִלּוּ נִפְסְלוּ וְנֶאֶסְרוּ בַּאֲכִילָה הוֹאִיל וְהָיְתָה לָהֶן שְׁעַת הֶתֵּר אֵין חַיָּבִין עֲלֵיהֶן מְעִילָה:The concept of me'ilah, misappropriating consecrated articles, does not apply to sacrificial entities from the sacrifices that are permitted to be eaten, e.g., the meat of sin-offerings and guilt-offerings after their blood was cast on the altar, the two breads after the blood of the two sheep was cast on the altar. This applies even if these or the like are eaten by a non-priest. Since it is permitted for some people to benefit from them, anyone who benefits from them is not considered to have misappropriated consecrated articles. Even if they were disqualified and prohibited to be eaten, since there is a time when they are permitted to be eaten, one is not liable for me'ilah.

כָּל הַמּוֹעֵל בְּזָדוֹן לוֹקֶה וּמְשַׁלֵּם מַה שֶּׁפָּגַם מִן הַקֹּדֶשׁ בְּרֹאשׁוֹ. וְאַזְהָרָה שֶׁל מְעִילָה מִזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב יז) "לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ מַעְשַׂר דְּגָנְךָ" וְגוֹ' (דברים יב יז) "וּנְדָרֶיךָ". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזּוֹ אַזְהָרָה לָאוֹכֵל מִבְּשַׂר עוֹלָה הוֹאִיל וְכֻלּוֹ לַשֵּׁם. וְהוּא הַדִּין לִשְׁאָר כָּל קֹדֶשׁ שֶׁהוּא לַהַשֵּׁם לְבַדּוֹ בֵּין מִקָּדְשֵׁי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ בֵּין מִקָּדְשֵׁי בֶּדֶק הַבַּיִת אִם נֶהֱנֶה בָּהֶן שְׁוֵה פְּרוּטָה לוֹקֶה. מָעַל בִּשְׁגָגָה מְשַׁלֵּם מַה שֶּׁנֶּהֱנָה וְתוֹסֶפֶת חֹמֶשׁ. וּמֵבִיא אַיִל בִּשְׁנֵי סְלָעִים וּמַקְרִיבוֹ אָשָׁם וּמִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ וְזֶהוּ הַנִּקְרָא אֲשַׁם מְעִילוֹת. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה טו) "וְחָטְאָה בִּשְׁגָגָה מִקָּדְשֵׁי ה' וְהֵבִיא אֶת אֲשָׁמוֹ" וְגוֹ' (ויקרא ה טז) "וְאֵת אֲשֶׁר חָטָא מִן הַקֹּדֶשׁ יְשַׁלֵּם וְאֶת חֲמִישִׁתוֹ" וְגוֹ'. וְשִׁלּוּם הַקֶּרֶן בְּתוֹסֶפֶת חֹמֶשׁ עִם הֲבָאַת הַקָּרְבָּן מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה:Anyone who purposely misappropriates consecrated articles is liable for lashes and must pay the value he decreased the value of the sacred articles. The warning against me'ilah is derived from Deuteronomy 12:17: "You may not partake of the tithes of your grain... your pledges... in your outlying cities." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this is a warning against one who partakes of the meat of a burnt-offering for it must be offered entirely to God. The same applies to all other consecrated articles that are dedicated to God alone, whether something consecrated for the altar or for the improvement of the Temple. If one derives a perutah's worth of benefit, he is liable for lashes. If he misappropriated a consecrated article unknowingly, he must make restitution for the benefit he received and add a fifth. Also, he must bring a ram worth two selaim and have it sacrificed as a guilt-offering. This brings atonement for him and it is called: "the guilt-offering for misappropriation,] as Leviticus 5:15-16 states "And he sinned inadvertently, misappropriating what was consecrated unto God and he shall bring his guilt-offering... and he should make restitution for what he misappropriated from the consecrated articles, adding a fifth." Paying the principal with the additional fifth and bringing the sacrifice is a positive commandment.

תַּשְׁלוּם הַקֶּרֶן וַהֲבָאַת הָאָשָׁם מְעַכְּבִין הַכַּפָּרָה. וְאֵין הַחֹמֶשׁ מְעַכֵּב. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ה טז) "בְּאֵיל הָאָשָׁם". אַיִל וְאָשָׁם מְעַכְּבִין וְאֵין הַחֹמֶשׁ מְעַכֵּב:Payment of the principal and bringing the guilt-offering are essential for the atonement; payment of the additional fifth is not essential. This is derived from the prooftext that speaks of: "the ram of the asham." Our Sages interpreted the term asham as referring to the principal and stated: The ram and the payment of the principal are fundamental requirements. The additional fifth is not a fundamental requirement.

הֵבִיא מְעִילָתוֹ עַד שֶׁלֹּא הֵבִיא אֲשָׁמוֹ לֹא יָצָא. נִסְתַּפֵּק לוֹ אִם מָעַל אוֹ לֹא מָעַל פָּטוּר מִן הַתַּשְׁלוּמִין וּמִן הַקָּרְבָּן. וְהַחֹמֶשׁ הֲרֵי הוּא כִּתְחִלַּת הַהֶקְדֵּשׁ וְאִם נֶהֱנָה בּוֹ מוֹסִיף חֹמֶשׁ עַל הַחֹמֶשׁ. וּכְבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ כַּמָּה פְּעָמִים שֶׁהַחֹמֶשׁ אֶחָד מֵאַרְבָּעָה מִן הַקֶּרֶן עַד שֶׁיִּהְיֶה הוּא וְחֻמְשׁוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה:If the person brought the guilt-offering before he made restitution for the principal, he did not fulfill his obligation. If one is in doubt whether he derived benefit from a consecrated article or not, he is exempt from making restitution and bringing a sacrifice.The additional fifth is considered as a consecrated article itself. If one benefits from it, he should add a fifth to the fifth. We have already explained several times that the fifth is one fourth of the principal so that the principal and the fifth will be five units.

Mishneh Torah, Trespass.1