کفاره‌ی ناتمام (محوسری کاپارا) — رامبام

کفاره‌ی ناتمام (محوسری کاپارا)

کفاره‌ی ناتمام (محوسری کاپارا) — رامبام در Beth HaMidrash: متن عبری و ترجمهٔ فارسی‌اش، با راشی و مفسران بزرگ. رایگان، آنلاین.

אַרְבָעָה הֵן הַנִּקְרָאִין מְחֻסְּרֵי כַּפָּרָה. הַזָּבָה. וְהַיּוֹלֶדֶת. וְהַזָּב. וְהַמְצֹרָע. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָאוּ מְחֻסְּרֵי כַּפָּרָה שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁטָּהַר מִטֻּמְאָתוֹ וְטָבַל וְהֶעֱרִיב שִׁמְשׁוֹ עֲדַיִן הוּא חָסֵר וְלֹא גָּמְרָה טָהֳרָתוֹ כְּדֵי לֶאֱכל בְּקָדָשִׁים עַד שֶׁיָּבִיא קָרְבָּנוֹ. וְקֹדֶם שֶׁיָּבִיא כַּפָּרָתוֹ אָסוּר הוּא לֶאֱכל בְּקָדָשִׁים כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּפְסוּלֵי הַמֻּקְדָּשִׁין:There are four individuals who are referred to as "requiring atonement": a zavah, a woman after childbirth, a zav, and a person afflicted by tzara'at.Why are they referred to as "requiring atonement"? Because even after each one of them has become pure from the condition that caused his impurity, he has immersed in a mikveh, and the day of the immersion has passed, the person's status is still lacking. His attainment of purity is not complete to the extent that he may partake of sacrificial foods until he brings the sacrifice required of him. Before he brings this sacrifice, he is forbidden to partake of sacrificial food as explained in Hilchot Pesulei HaMukdashim.

גֵּר שֶׁמָּל וְטָבַל וַעֲדַיִן לֹא הֵבִיא קָרְבָּנוֹ. אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא אָסוּר לֶאֱכל בְּקָדָשִׁים עַד שֶׁיָּבִיא קָרְבָּנוֹ אֵינוֹ מִמְּחֻסְּרֵי כַּפָּרָה. שֶׁקָּרְבָּנוֹ עִכְּבוֹ לִהְיוֹת גֵּר גָּמוּר וְלִהְיוֹת כְּכָל כְּשֵׁרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל וּמִפְּנֵי זֶה אֵינוֹ אוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא נַעֲשָׂה כִּכְשֵׁרֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל. וְכֵיוָן שֶׁיָּבִיא קָרְבָּנוֹ וְיֵעָשֶׂה יִשְׂרָאֵל כָּשֵׁר אוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים. הֵבִיא פְּרֵדָה אַחַת בְּשַׁחֲרִית אוֹכֵל בְּקָדָשִׁים לָעֶרֶב וְיָבִיא פְּרֵדָה שְׁנִיָּה. שֶׁקָּרְבָּנוֹ שֶׁל גֵּר עוֹלַת בְּהֵמָה אוֹ שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי יוֹנָה אוֹ שְׁתֵּי תּוֹרִים וּשְׁנֵיהֶן עוֹלָה. כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת:When a convert becomes circumcised, but has not brought his sacrifice, although he is forbidden to partake of sacrificial food until he brings his sacrifice, he is not considered as one requiring in atonement. It is merely that failing to bring his sacrifice prevents him from being a complete convert and being from the full-fledged members of the Jewish people. Accordingly, he may not partake of sacrificial foods, because he has not become a full-fledged member of the Jewish people. Once he brings his sacrifice and becomes a full-fledged member of the Jewish people, he may partake of sacrificial foods in the evening.If he brings one dove as a sacrifice in the morning, he may partake of sacrificial foods and bring the second dove at a later time. For the sacrifice of a convert is an animal brought as a burnt-offering or two young doves or two turtle doves both brought as burnt-offerings, as explained in Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot.

הַזָּב וְהַזָּבָה קָרְבָּן כָּל אַחַת מֵהֶן שְׁתֵּי תּוֹרִים אוֹ שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי יוֹנָה אֶחָד עוֹלָה וְאֶחָד חַטָּאת. וְהַיּוֹלֶדֶת קָרְבָּנָהּ כֶּבֶשׂ עוֹלָה וּבֶן יוֹנָה אוֹ תּוֹר חַטָּאת. וְאִם אֵין יָדָהּ מַשֶּׂגֶת מְבִיאָה שְׁתֵּי תּוֹרִים אוֹ שְׁנֵי בְּנֵי יוֹנָה אֶחָד עוֹלָה וְאֶחָד חַטָּאת. וְהַמְצֹרָע קָרְבָּנוֹ שְׁלֹשָׁה כְּבָשִׂים אֶחָד עוֹלָה וְאֶחָד אָשָׁם. וְכִשְׂבָּה לְחַטָּאת. וְאִם אֵין יָדוֹ מַשֶּׂגֶת מֵבִיא קֵן אֶחָד עוֹלָה וְאֶחָד חַטָּאת וְכֶבֶשׂ לְאָשָׁם:The sacrifice brought by either a zav or a zavah is two turtle doves or two young doves, one brought as a burnt-offering and one brought as a sin-offering. The sacrifice of a woman after childbirth is a sheep as a burnt-offering and a young dove or turtle dove as a sin-offering. If she lacks the means for that offering, she must bring two turtle doves or two young doves, one as a burnt-offering and one as a sin-offering. The sacrifice of a person afflicted by tzara'at is three sheep, one as a burnt-offering, one as a guilt offering, and a ewe as a sin-offering. If he does not have the means, he may bring two doves, one as a burnt-offering and one as a sin-offering, and a sheep as a guilt-offering.

הַזָּב וְהַזָּבָה וְהַמְצֹרָע מֵבִיא כָּל אֶחָד מִשְּׁלָשְׁתָּן כַּפָּרָתוֹ בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי לְטָהֳרָתוֹ שֶׁכָּל אֶחָד מֵהֶן סוֹפֵר שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי טָהֳרָה וְטוֹבֵל בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁבִיעִי וּמַעֲרִיב שִׁמְשׁוֹ וּמַקְרִיב קָרְבְּנוֹתָיו בַּיּוֹם הַשְּׁמִינִי:Each of the three, a zav, a zavah, and a person afflicted by tzara'at, bring the sacrifices for their atonement on the eighth day after they become purified from their condition. For each one of them must count seven days of purity, immerse on the seventh day, wait until the conclusion of that day, and offer his sacrifices on the eighth day.

הַיּוֹלֶדֶת אֵינָהּ מְבִיאָה קָרְבָּנָהּ בְּיוֹם אַרְבָּעִים לְזָכָר אוֹ בְּיוֹם שְׁמוֹנִים לִנְקֵבָה. אֶלָּא מַעֲרֶבֶת שִׁמְשָׁהּ וּמְבִיאָהּ קָרְבָּנָהּ לְמָחָר שֶׁהוּא יוֹם אַרְבָּעִים וְאֶחָד לְזָכָר וְיוֹם שְׁמוֹנִים וְאֶחָד לִנְקֵבָה וְהוּא הַיּוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ (ויקרא יב ו) "וּבִמְלֹאת יְמֵי טָהֳרָהּ לְבֵן אוֹ לְבַת תָּבִיא" וְגוֹ'. וְאִם הֵבִיאָה קָרְבָּנָהּ תּוֹךְ יְמֵי מְלֹאת לֹא יָצָאת אֲפִלּוּ הֵבִיאָה עַל וְלָדוֹת הָרִאשׁוֹנִים בְּתוֹךְ יְמֵי מְלֹאת שֶׁל וָלָד זֶה לֹא יָצָאת. עָבְרוּ יָמִים אֵלּוּ וְלֹא הֵבִיאוּ כַּפָּרָתָן הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ מַקְרִיבִין כַּפָּרָתָן לְאַחַר זְמַן. וְכָל זְמַן שֶׁלֹּא הִקְרִיבוּ חַטָּאתָם אֲסוּרִים לֶאֱכל בְּקָדָשִׁים. אֲבָל הָעוֹלָה (וְהָאָשָׁם) אֵינָן מְעַכְּבִין. כְּבָר בֵּאַרְנוּ בְּמַעֲשֵׂה הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת שֶׁכָּל מְחֻיְּבֵי קָרְבָּן אֵין מַקְרִיבִין עַל יָדָן אֶלָּא מִדַּעְתָּן. חוּץ מִמְּחֻסְּרֵי כַּפָּרָה שֶׁאֵין צְרִיכִין דַּעַת בְּעָלִים שֶׁהֲרֵי אָדָם מֵבִיא קָרְבָּן עַל בָּנָיו וּבְנוֹתָיו הַקְּטַנִּים אִם הָיוּ מְחֻסְּרֵי כַּפָּרָה וּמַאֲכִילָן בִּזְבָחִים:A woman does not bring her sacrifices on the fortieth day after the birth of a male or the eightieth day after the birth of a female. Instead, she waits until that day is completed and on the following day, the forty-first day after the birth of a male and the eighty-first day after the birth of a female. This is the day concerning which Leviticus 12:6 states: "And upon completion of her days of purity for a son or for a daughter, she shall bring...." If she brings the sacrifices in the midst of these days, she does not fulfill her obligation. Even if she brings these sacrifices for a previous birth in the midst of the days of purity for her present offspring, she does not fulfill her obligation.If these days passed and the individuals mentioned above did not bring the sacrifices for their atonement, they should offer them afterwards. As long as they have not brought the sin-offering for which they are liable, they are forbidden to partake of sacrificial foods. Failure to bring their burnt-offering and guilt-offering does not hold them back.We already explained in Hilchot Ma'aseh HaKorbanot that a sacrifice may not be brought on behalf of anyone obligated to bring it without their consent with the exception of the sacrifices of those requiring atonement. In this instance, the consent of the principals is not required, as evident from the fact that a person may bring sacrifices on behalf of his sons and daughters who are below majority if they require atonement and allow them to partake of sacrifices.

Mishneh Torah, Offerings for Those with Incomplete Atonement.1