Mandatários e sócios — Rambam

Mandatários e sócios

Mandatários e sócios — Rambam no Beth HaMidrash: o texto hebraico e sua tradução em português, com Rashi e os grandes comentaristas. Grátis, online.

הָאוֹמֵר לִשְׁלוּחוֹ צֵא וּמְכֹר לִי קַרְקַע אוֹ מִטַּלְטְלִין אוֹ קְנֵה לִי הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹכֵר וְלוֹקֵחַ וְעוֹשֶׂה שְׁלִיחוּתוֹ וְכָל מַעֲשָׂיו קַיָּמִין. וְאֵין הָעוֹשֶׂה שָׁלִיחַ צָרִיךְ קִנְיָן וְלֹא עֵדִים אֶלָּא בַּאֲמִירָה בִּלְבַד בֵּינוֹ לְבֵין חֲבֵרוֹ. וְאֵין צְרִיכִין עֵדִים אֶלָּא לְגַלּוֹת הַדָּבָר אִם כָּפַר אֶחָד מֵהֶם כִּשְׁאָר כָּל הַטְּעָנוֹת:When a person tells a colleague: "Go out and sell landed property for me," "...movable property...," or "...purchase for me...," then the person should perform his agency, selling or buying. All his deeds are binding.It is not necessary for a person who appoints an agent to perform a kinyan or have the appointment observed by witnesses. Instead, the statement he makes to his colleague is sufficient. Witnesses are necessary solely to reveal what transpired if one of the two denies the matter, as is the case with regard to other claims.

שָׁלִיחַ שֶׁעָבַר עַל דִּבְרֵי מְשַׁלְּחוֹ לֹא עָשָׂה כְּלוּם. וְכֵן אִם טָעָה בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא בֵּין בְּקַרְקַע בֵּין בְּמִטַּלְטְלִין חוֹזֵר שֶׁהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר לְתַקֵּן שְׁלִיחוּתִי שְׁדַרְתִּיךָ וְלֹא לְעַוֵּת. וְלֹא אָמְרוּ שֶׁהַהוֹנָיָה בְּמִטַּלְטְלִין שְׁתוּת וְהָעֲבָדִים וְהַשְּׁטָרוֹת וְהַקַּרְקָעוֹת אֵין בָּהֶן הוֹנָיָה אֶלָּא בְּמוֹכֵר שֶׁלּוֹ אוֹ קוֹנֶה לְעַצְמוֹ אֲבָל שָׁלִיחַ שֶׁטָּעָה בְּכֻלָּם בְּכָל שֶׁהוּא חוֹזֵר:When an agent intentionally violates the instructions of his principal, his deeds are of no consequence. Similarly, if he erred even with regard to the slightest amount, the transaction - whether involving landed property or movable property - is nullified. For the principal can claim: "I sent you to improve my position, not to impair it."The principle is that with regard to movable property, the laws of ona'ah do not apply unless one pays a sixth or more than the proper price for an article, and that these laws do not apply at all with regard to the sale of servants, promissory notes and landed property. They do, however, apply when the seller or the purchaser himself conducts the transaction. When, however, it is conducted by an agent, and he erred in his valuation with regard to even the slightest amount, the transaction is nullified.

נָתַן מָעוֹת לִשְׁלוּחוֹ לִקְנוֹת לוֹ קַרְקַע וְקָנָה לוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בְּאַחֲרָיוּת הֲרֵי זֶה עִוֵּת וְהַשָּׁלִיחַ לוֹקֵחַ אוֹתָהּ לְעַצְמוֹ שֶׁלֹּא בְּאַחֲרָיוּת כְּמוֹ שֶׁעָשָׂה וְחוֹזֵר וּמוֹכְרָהּ לַמְשַׁלֵּחַ בְּאַחֲרָיוּת הוֹאִיל וְקָנָה אוֹתָהּ בִּמְעוֹתָיו וְהָאַחֲרָיוּת עַל הַשָּׁלִיחַ. וְכֵן כָּל כַּיּוֹצֵא בָּזֶה. לְפִיכָךְ אִם הִתְנָה עָלָיו שֶׁעָשָׂהוּ שָׁלִיחַ בֵּין לְתַקֵּן בֵּין לְעַוֵּת אֲפִלּוּ מָכַר לוֹ שְׁוֵה מֵאָה בְּדִינָר אוֹ לָקַח שְׁוֵה דִּינָר בְּמֵאָה אֵינוֹ יָכוֹל לַחְזֹר בּוֹ וְחַיָּב הַמְשַׁלֵּחַ לִתֵּן לוֹ כְּפִי הַתְּנַאי:When a person gives money to an agent to purchase landed property, and the agent purchases it for him without requiring the seller to accept financial responsibility if it is expropriated from the purchaser, he is considered to have damaged the principal's position. The agent must purchase the property without financial responsibility, as he did, for himself. Then he must sell it to the principal and accept financial responsibility. This decision is rendered because the agent purchased the property with money belonging to the principal. The agent must accept the financial responsibility himself. Similar laws apply in all analogous situations.Therefore, if the principal explicitly stipulates that he is appointing the agent in that capacity, whether he improves his position or impairs it, he may not retract, even if the agent sold a field worth 100 dinarim for a dinar for him, or purchased one worth a dinar for 100. And the principal must pay the agent as he originally stipulated.

הָאוֹמֵר לִשְׁלוּחוֹ מְכֹר לִי מִשָּׂדֶה שֶׁלִּי בֵּית סְאָה וּמָכַר לוֹ בֵּית סָאתַיִם הֲרֵי זֶה מוֹסִיף עַל דְּבָרָיו וְקָנָה הַלּוֹקֵחַ בֵּית סְאָה בִּלְבַד. אָמַר לוֹ מְכֹר לִי בֵּית סָאתַיִם וּמָכַר לוֹ בֵּית סְאָה הֲרֵי זֶה מַעֲבִיר עַל דְּבָרָיו וְלֹא קָנָה הַלּוֹקֵחַ. אָמַר לוֹ מְכֹר לִי שָׂדֶה לְאָדָם אֶחָד וְהָלַךְ הַשָּׁלִיחַ וּמְכָרָהּ לִשְׁנַיִם מִמְכָּרוֹ בָּטֵל שֶׁהֲרֵי עָבַר עַל דְּבָרָיו. אָמַר לוֹ מְכֹר לִי שָׂדֶה וְלֹא פֵּרֵשׁ אֲפִלּוּ מָכַר לְמֵאָה מִמְכָּרוֹ קַיָּם:When a person tells his agent: "Sell a portion of my field large enough to sow a se'ah," and he sells a portion large enough to sow two se'ah, the agent is considered to have added to the principal's instructions, and the purchaser acquires only an area large enough to sow one se'ah.If the principal told the agent: "Sell a portion large enough to sow two se'ah," and the agent sold only an area large enough to sow one se'ah, the agent is considered to have violated the principal's instructions, and the purchaser does not acquire anything.If the principal told the agent: "Sell my field to one person for me," and the agent sold it to two people, the sale is nullified, for he violated the principal's instructions. If the principal told the agent: "Sell the field for me" without giving further instructions, the sales made by the agent are binding, even if he sold the property in 100 portions.

הַנּוֹתֵן מָעוֹת לִשְׁלוּחוֹ לִקַּח בָּהֶם חִטִּים אוֹ מִין מִמִּינֵי סְחוֹרָה וְלֹא לָקַח אֵין לוֹ עָלָיו אֶלָּא תַּרְעֹמֶת. נָתַן לוֹ מָעוֹת לִקַּח בָּהֶן חִטִּים בֵּין לַאֲכִילָה בֵּין לִסְחוֹרָה וְהָלַךְ וְלָקַח בָּהֶן שְׂעוֹרִים אִם פָּחֲתוּ דְּמֵי זֶה שֶׁלָּקַח פָּחֲתוּ לַשָּׁלִיחַ מִפְּנֵי שֶׁהוּא מְשַׁנֶּה. וְאִם הוֹסִיפוּ דְּמֵיהֶן הוֹסִיפוּ לְבַעַל הַמָּעוֹת. הָיָה הַשַּׁעַר קָצוּב וְיָדוּעַ וְהוֹסִיפוּ לַשָּׁלִיחַ בַּמִּנְיָן אוֹ בַּמִּשְׁקָל אוֹ בַּמִּדָּה כָּל שֶׁהוֹסִיפוּ לוֹ הַמּוֹכְרִים הֲרֵי הוּא שֶׁל שְׁנֵיהֶם וְחוֹלֵק הַתּוֹסֶפֶת הַשָּׁלִיחַ עִם בַּעַל הַמָּעוֹת. וְאִם הָיָה הַדָּבָר שֶׁאֵין לוֹ קִצְבָה הַכּל לְבַעַל הַמָּעוֹת:When a person gives money to his agent to purchase wheat or any other type of merchandise, and the agent does not make the purchase, the principal does not have a financial claim against the agent, only complaints.The following rules apply if a principal gives an agent money to purchase wheat - whether to eat or to use as merchandise - and the agent purchases barley. If the price of the barley that he purchased becomes less than the price of wheat, the agent must bear the loss, because he deviated from the instructions he was given. If the price of the barley increases more than the price of wheat, the profit belongs to the owner of the money.If the price of merchandise was fixed, and an additional quantity, weight or measure was given the agent, whatever was added by the seller should be divided between the two; i.e., the additional measure should be split between the agent and the principal. If the object sold does not have a fixed price, everything should be given to the principal.

Mishneh Torah, Agents and Partners.1