Creditore e debitore (Malvè veLovè) — Rambam

Creditore e debitore (Malvè veLovè)

Creditore e debitore (Malvè veLovè) — Rambam su Beth HaMidrash: il testo ebraico e la sua traduzione italiana, con Rashi e i grandi commentatori. Gratis, online.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לְהַלְווֹת לַעֲנִיֵּי יִשְׂרָאֵל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב כד) "אִם כֶּסֶף תַּלְוֶה אֶת עַמִּי אֶת הֶעָנִי עִמָּךְ". יָכוֹל רְשׁוּת תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (דברים טו ח) "הַעֲבֵט תַּעֲבִיטֶנּוּ" וְגוֹ'. וּמִצְוָה זוֹ גְּדוֹלָה מִן הַצְּדָקָה אֶל הֶעָנִי הַשּׁוֹאֵל שֶׁזֶּה כְּבָר נִצְרַךְ לִשְׁאל וְזֶה עֲדַיִן לֹא הִגִּיעַ לְמִדָּה זוֹ. וְהַתּוֹרָה הִקְפִּידָה עַל מִי שֶׁיִּמָּנַע מִלְּהַלְווֹת לֶעָנִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טו ט) "וְרָעָה עֵינְךָ בְּאָחִיךָ הָאֶבְיוֹן" וְגוֹ':It is a positive commandment to lend money to the poor among Israel, as Exodus 23:24 states: "If you will lend money to My nation, to the poor among you." Lest one think that this is a matter left to the person's choice, it is also stated Deuteronomy 15:8: "You shall certainly loan to him."This mitzvah surpasses the mitzvah of charity given to a poor person who asks for alms. For the latter person had already been compelled to ask, and this one has not yet sunk that low. Indeed, the Torah is very severe with regard to a person who does not lend money to a poor person, stating Ibid.:9: "Beware lest there be a defiant thought in your heart... and you look badly upon your poor brother and you not give him."

כָּל הַנּוֹגֵשׂ הֶעָנִי וְהוּא יוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ מַה יַּחֲזִיר לוֹ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כב כד) "לֹא תִהְיֶה לוֹ כְּנשֶׁה". וּמִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִנְגּשֹׁ אֶת הָעַכּוּ"ם וּלְהָצֵר לוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טו ג) "לַנָּכְרִי תִּגּשֹׁ" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזּוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה:Whenever a person presses a poor person for payment when he knows that he does not have the means to repay the debt, he transgresses a negative commandment, as Exodus 22:24 states: "Do not act as a creditor toward him." It is, by contrast, a positive mitzvah to press a gentile for payment and to cause him exasperation, as Deuteronomy 15:3 states: "Press a gentile for payment." According to the Oral Tradition, we have learned that this is a positive commandment.

אָסוּר לָאָדָם לְהַרְאוֹת עַצְמוֹ לְבַעַל חוֹבוֹ בִּזְמַן שֶׁיּוֹדֵעַ שֶׁאֵין לוֹ. אֲפִלּוּ לַעֲבֹר לְפָנָיו שֶׁלֹּא יַפְחִידוֹ אוֹ יַכְלִימוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁאֵינוֹ תּוֹבְעוֹ וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם תְּבָעוֹ. וּכְשֵׁם שֶׁאָסוּר לְזֶה לִתְבֹּעַ כָּךְ אָסוּר לַלּוֶֹה לִכְבּשׁ מָמוֹן חֲבֵרוֹ שֶׁבְּיָדוֹ וְלוֹמַר לוֹ לֵךְ וְשׁוּב וְהוּא שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (משלי ג כח) "אַל תֹּאמַר לְרֵעֲךָ לֵךְ וְשׁוּב". וְכֵן אָסוּר לַלּוֶֹה לִקַּח הַלְוָאָה וּלְהוֹצִיאָהּ שֶׁלֹּא לְצֹרֶךְ וּלְאַבְּדָהּ עַד שֶׁלֹּא יִמְצָא בַּעַל חוֹב מֵאַיִן יִגְבֶּה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהַמַּלְוֶה עָשִׁיר גָּדוֹל. וְעוֹשֶׂה זֶה רָשָׁע הוּא שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהילים לז כא) "לוֶֹה רָשָׁע וְלֹא יְשַׁלֵּם". וְצִוּוּ חֲכָמִים (משנה אבות ב יב) "יְהִי מָמוֹן חֲבֵרְךָ חָבִיב עָלֶיךָ כְּשֶׁלָּךְ":It is forbidden for one to appear before a person who owes him money when he knows that the debtor does not have the means to repay the debt. It is even forbidden to pass before him, lest one frighten him or embarrass him, even though one does not demand payment. Needless to say, this applies if he demands payment.Just as it is forbidden for a creditor to demand payment; so, too, it is forbidden for a borrower to withhold money that he possesses due a colleague, telling him: "Go and return," as Proverbs 3:28 states: "Do not tell your colleague: 'Go and return.'"Similarly, it is forbidden for a borrower to take a loan and use it when it is unnecessary and lose it, leaving his creditor without a source to collect the debt. This applies even if the owner is very wealthy. A person who acts in this way is wicked, as Psalms 37:21 states: "A wicked man borrows and does not pay." Our Sages commanded: "Treat money belonging to your colleague as dearly as your own."

כְּשֶׁיִּתְבַּע הַמַּלְוֶה הַלְוָאָתוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא עָשִׁיר וְהַלּוֶֹה דָּחוּק וְטָרוּד בִּמְזוֹנוֹת אֵין מְרַחֲמִין בַּדִּין אֶלָּא גּוֹבִין לוֹ חוֹבוֹ עַד פְּרוּטָה אַחֲרוֹנָה מִכָּל מִטַּלְטְלִין שֶׁיִּמָּצְאוּ לוֹ. וְאִם לֹא הִסְפִּיקוּ הַמִּטַּלְטְלִין גּוֹבִין לוֹ מִן הַקַּרְקַע אַחַר שֶׁמַּחְרִימִין עַל מִי שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ מִטַּלְטְלִין אוֹ מִי שֶׁיָּדַע לוֹ מִטַּלְטְלִין וְלֹא יְבִיאֵם לְבֵית דִּין. וְגוֹבִין מִכָּל קַרְקַע שֶׁיֵּשׁ לוֹ אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהִיא מְשֻׁעְבֶּדֶת לִכְתֻבַּת אִשְׁתּוֹ אוֹ לְבַעַל חוֹבוֹ שֶׁקָּדַם גּוֹבִין לָזֶה וְאִם יָבוֹא הָרִאשׁוֹן וְיִטְרֹף יִטְרֹף. טָעַן הַלּוֶֹה שֶׁמִּטַּלְטְלִין אֵלּוּ שֶׁבְּיָדִי אֵינָן שֶׁלִּי אֶלָּא פִּקָּדוֹן הֵם בְּיָדִי אוֹ שְׂכוּרִין אוֹ שְׁאוּלִין אֵין שׁוֹמְעִין לוֹ אוֹ יָבִיא רְאָיָה אוֹ יִגְבֶּה מֵהֶן בַּעַל חוֹבוֹ:When a lender demands payment of a loan - even if he is wealthy and the borrower is in a pressing situation and struggles to support his family - we are not merciful in judgment. Instead, we expropriate all the movable property" that the person owns to pay the last penny of the debt. If the movable property he owns is not sufficient, we expropriate the landed property after issuing a ban of ostracism against any person who possesses movable property or knows of movable property he possesses and does not bring it to court.We expropriate all the landed property the borrower possesses, even if it is on lien to the ketubah of the borrower's wife or to another creditor with a prior lien. We expropriate it for this creditor. If ultimately, the person with the prior lien will come to claim the property, he may expropriate it from the creditor to whom it was given.If the lender claims that the movable property in his domain does not belong to him, but instead was entrusted to him, rented by him, or lent to him, we do not heed his words. He must prove his statements or the property will be expropriated by the creditor.

אֵין בַּעַל חוֹב גּוֹבֶה לֹא מִכְּסוּת אִשְׁתּוֹ וּבָנָיו שֶׁל לוֶֹה וְלֹא מִבְּגָדִים צְבוּעִים שֶׁצְּבָעָן לִשְׁמָן אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁעֲדַיִן לֹא לָבְשׁוּ אוֹתָן וְלֹא מִסַּנְדָּלִים חֲדָשִׁים שֶׁלְּקָחָן לִשְׁמָן אֶלָּא הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ שֶׁלָּהֶן. בַּמֶּה דְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִים בִּכְלֵי הַחוֹל אֲבָל בִּגְדֵי שַׁבָּת וְהַמּוֹעֵד גּוֹבֶה אוֹתָן בַּעַל חוֹב וְאֵין צָרִיךְ לוֹמַר אִם הָיוּ בָּהֶן טַבָּעוֹת וּכְלֵי זָהָב אוֹ כֶּסֶף שֶׁהַכּל לְבַעַל חוֹבוֹ:A creditor may not collect his due by expropriating the wardrobe of the debtor's wife or his sons, not from colored garments that were dyed for them even though they have not worn them yet, nor from new sandals that were purchased for them. These belong to the wife and the children themselves. When does the above apply? With regard to their weekday garments. The creditor may, by contrast, expropriate their Sabbath and festival garments. Needless to say, if they own rings or golden or silver ornaments, they must all be given to the creditor.

Mishneh Torah, Creditor and Debtor.1