Maaser Sheni e Netà Revaì — Rambam

Maaser Sheni e Netà Revaì

Maaser Sheni e Netà Revaì — Rambam su Beth HaMidrash: il testo ebraico e la sua traduzione italiana, con Rashi e i grandi commentatori. Gratis, online.

אַחַר שֶׁמַּפְרִישִׁין מַעֲשֵׂר רִאשׁוֹן בְּכָל שָׁנָה מַפְרִישִׁין מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יד כב) "עַשֵּׂר תְּעַשֵּׂר אֵת כָּל תְּבוּאַת זַרְעֶךָ". וּבְשָׁנָה שְׁלִישִׁית וְשִׁשִּׁית מַפְרִישִׁין מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי חֵלֶף מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ:After 3:23. separating the first tithe every year, we separate the second tithe, (positive commandment 128) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 473) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. In Sefer HaMitzvot, the Rambam states that separating the second tithe and partaking of it in Jerusalem are considered two facets of one mitzvah. The Ramban (in his Hosafot to Sefer HaMitzvot) differs and considers partaking of the produce in Jerusalem as another positive mitzvah.as [Deuteronomy 14:22] states: "You shall certainly tithe the produce of your crops." In the third and sixth years [of the seven year agricultural cycle], we separate the tithe for the poor instead of the second tithe, as we explained. 6:3; Hilchot Ma'aser 9:3-4.

בְּאֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי הוּא רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעֲשַׂר תְּבוּאוֹת וְקִטְנִיּוֹת וִירָקוֹת. וְכָל מָקוֹם שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה הוּא אֶחָד בְּתִשְׁרֵי. וּבְט"ו בִּשְׁבָט הוּא רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה לְמַעֲשַׂר הָאִילָנוֹת. כֵּיצַד. תְּבוּאָה וְקִטְנִיּוֹת שֶׁהִגִּיעוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת לִפְנֵי רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁל שְׁלִישִׁית אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּגְמְרוּ וְנֶאֶסְפוּ בַּשְּׁלִישִׁית מַפְרִישִׁין מֵהֶן מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי. וְאִם לֹא בָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אֶלָּא לְאַחַר רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁל שְׁלִישִׁית מַפְרִישִׁין מֵהֶן מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי. וְכֵן פֵּרוֹת הָאִילָן שֶׁבָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת קֹדֶם ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט שֶׁל שְׁלִישִׁית אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּגְמְרוּ וְנֶאֶסְפוּ אַחַר כֵּן בְּסוֹף שָׁנָה שְׁלִישִׁית מִתְעַשְּׂרִין לְשֶׁעָבַר וּמַפְרִישִׁין מֵהֶן מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי. וְכֵן אִם בָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת קֹדֶם ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט שֶׁל רְבִיעִית אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּגְמְרוּ וְנֶאֶסְפוּ בִּרְבִיעִית מַפְרִישִׁין מֵהֶן מַעֲשֵׂר עָנִי. וְאִם בָּאוּ לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת אַחַר ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט מִתְעַשְּׂרִין לְהַבָּא:The first of Tishrei is the beginning of the year with regard to the reckoning of the tithes for grain, legumes,. More particularly, the Hebrew term includes many species that are not legumes. and vegetables. Whenever the term Rosh HaShanah is used [with regard to crops], the intent is the first of Tishrei. The fifteenth of Shvat is the beginning of the year with regard to reckoning the tithes for fruit-trees.What is implied? If grain or legumes, note, however, Halachah 8. reach "the phase of tithing" 2:5. before Rosh HaShanah of the third year, the second tithe should be separated from them even though they became fully developed and were gathered in the third year. If, however, they did not reach "the phase of tithing" until after Rosh HaShanah of the third year, the tithe for the poor should be separated from them. Similarly, if fruit from trees reaches "the phase of tithing" before the fifteenth of Shvat in the third year, it should be tithed according to the previous year and the second tithe should be separated from it even though it became fully developed and was gathered at the end of the third year. Similarly, if it reaches "the phase of tithing" before the fifteenth of Shvat in the fourth year, the tithe for the poor should be separated from it even though it became fully developed and was gathered at the end of the fourth year. If it reaches "the phase of tithing" after the fifteenth of Shvat, it should be tithed like the produce of the coming year.

וְהֶחָרוּבִין אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁחָנְטוּ פֵּרוֹתֵיהֶן קֹדֶם ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט מִתְעַשְּׂרִין לְהַבָּא. הוֹאִיל וּמִתְעַשְּׂרוֹת מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁאֵין הַדְּבָרִים אֲמוּרִין אֶלָּא בְּחָרוּבֵי צַלְמוֹנָה וְכַיּוֹצֵא בָּהֶן שֶׁאֵין רְאוּיִין לְמַאֲכַל רֹב הָאָדָם. וְהֵן הֵן שֶׁמִּתְעַשְּׂרוֹת מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים. אֲבָל שְׁאָר הֶחָרוּבִין יֵרָאֶה לִי שֶׁהֵן כִּשְׁאָר פֵּרוֹת הָאִילָן:Even though the fruit of carob trees begin to ripen 2:5. before the fifteenth of Shvat, they should be tithed according to the coming year, since [the obligation to] tithe them is of Rabbinic origin. 3:3; Hilchot Ma'aser 1:9.Because the obligation is Rabbinic in origin, they are tithed like vegetables for the obligation to tithe them is also of Rabbinic origin.It appears to me that this applies only with regard to the carobs that grow in Tzalmona or other similar species that are not fit to be eaten by most people. [Hence,] the obligation to partake of them is Rabbinic in origin. It appears to me that other carobs are similar to the rest of the fruit of the trees. discuss these points at length.

הַיָּרָק בִּשְׁעַת לְקִיטָתוֹ עִשּׂוּרוֹ. כֵּיצַד. אִם נִלְקַט בְּיוֹם רֹאשׁ הַשָּׁנָה שֶׁל שְׁלִישִׁית אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁבָּא לְעוֹנַת הַמַּעַשְׂרוֹת וְנִגְמַר בַּשְּׁנִיָּה מַפְרִישִׁין מִמֶּנּוּ מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי. וְאִם נִלְקַט בָּרְבִיעִית מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי:Vegetables should be tithed according to the year when they are harvested. 3a) explain the difference between vegetables and other crops. Unlike other crops for which the water from the rains suffice, vegetables require irrigation. What is implied? If they are harvested on the day of Rosh HaShanah of the third year, the tithe for the poor should be separated from them even though they reached "the phase of tithing" and [indeed,] fully matured in the second year. If they were harvested in the fourth year, the second tithe should be separated from them.

וְכֵן הָאֶתְרוֹג בִּלְבַד מִשְּׁאָר פֵּרוֹת הָאִילָן הֲרֵי הוּא כְּיָרָק וְהוֹלְכִין אַחַר לְקִיטָתוֹ בֵּין לְמַעֲשֵׂר בֵּין לִשְׁבִיעִית. כֵּיצַד. אִם נִלְקַט בַּשְּׁלִישִׁית אַחַר ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט מַפְרִישִׁין מִמֶּנּוּ מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּגְמְרָה בַּשְּׁנִיָּה. וְכֵן אִם נִלְקַט בָּרְבִיעִית קֹדֶם ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט מַפְרִישִׁין מִמֶּנּוּ מַעֲשַׂר עָנִי. נִלְקַט בָּרְבִיעִית אַחַר ט"ו בִּשְׁבָט מַפְרִישִׁין מִמֶּנּוּ מַעֲשֵׂר שֵׁנִי:Similarly, among fruit from trees, only an esrog is like a vegetable, [i.e., the laws governing it] whether for tithes or the Sabbatical year are dependent on when it is harvested.What is implied? 4:12. If it was harvested in the third year after the fifteenth of Shvat, the tithe for the poor should be separated from it even though its growth was completed in the second year. Similarly, if it was gathered in the fourth year before the fifteenth of Shvat, the tithe for the poor should be separated from it. If it was harvested in the fourth year after the fifteenth of Shvat, the second tithe should be separated from it.

Mishneh Torah, Second Tithes and Fourth Year's Fruit.1