Divieti dell’altare — Rambam

Divieti dell’altare

Divieti dell’altare — Rambam su Beth HaMidrash: il testo ebraico e la sua traduzione italiana, con Rashi e i grandi commentatori. Gratis, online.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לִהְיוֹת כָּל הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת תְּמִימִין וּמֻבְחָרִין שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב-כא) "תָּמִים יִהְיֶה לְרָצוֹן" זוֹ מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה:It is a positive commandment for all the sacrifices to be unblemished and of choice quality, as [Leviticus 22:21] states: "unblemished to arouse favor." explains that the phrase should be understood, not only as a description. This is a positive commandment. (positive commandment 61) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 286) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah.

וְכָל הַמַּקְדִּישׁ בְּהֵמָה שֶׁיֵּשׁ בָּהּ מוּם לְגַבֵּי הַמִּזְבֵּחַ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה וְלוֹקֶה עַל הֶקְדֵּשׁוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כב-כ) "כּל אֲשֶׁר בּוֹ מוּם לֹא תַקְרִיבוּ" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזּוֹ אַזְהָרָה לְמַקְדִּישׁ בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין אֲפִלּוּ הִקְדִּישׁוֹ לִדְמֵי [נְסָכִים] לוֹקֶה שֶׁבִּזְיוֹן קָדָשִׁים הוּא:[Conversely,] anyone who consecrates a blemished animal for the altar violates a negative commandment (negative commandment 91) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 285) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. One is liable for merely consecrating such an animal even if it is never actually offered on the altar (Sefer HaChinuch). and is liable for lashes questions why lashes should be given, because the transgression does not involve a deed, but explains that it can be considered comparable to temurah, exchanging an animal for a sacred animal. There too the exchange/consecration of the animal is considered as significant enough to warrant lashes. for consecrating it, as [ibid.:20] states: "Whatever has a blemish should not be sacrificed." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this is a warning against consecrating a blemished animal. Even one who consecrates such an animal for the money to pay for libations is liable for lashes, for this represents a disgrace to the sacrifices.

הַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר שְׁלָמִים וְאָמַר עוֹלָה עוֹלָה וְאָמַר שְׁלָמִים לֹא אָמַר כְּלוּם עַד שֶׁיִּהְיוּ פִּיו וְלִבּוֹ שָׁוִים. לְפִיכָךְ הַמִּתְכַּוֵּן לוֹמַר עַל בַּעַל מוּם עוֹלָה וְהִקְדִּישׁוֹ שְׁלָמִים אוֹ שְׁלָמִים וְאָמַר עוֹלָה אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁנִּתְכַּוֵּן לְאִסּוּר אֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. מִי שֶׁדִּמָּה שֶׁמֻּתָּר לְהַקְדִּישׁ בַּעַל מוּם לַמִּזְבֵּחַ וְהִקְדִּישׁ הֲרֵי זֶה קָדוֹשׁ וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה:[When a person consecrates an animal and] intends to say [that it is consecrated as] a peace offering, but actually says "as a burnt offering," or [intended to consecrate it] as a burnt offering, but said, "a peace offering," his statements are of no consequence unless his mouth and his heart are identical. 14:12; Hilchot Nizirut 9:8. This is a general principle: Whenever a person wants to take a vow, consecrate an article, or set it aside as holy, his statements must reflect the will of his heart. Therefore if one intended to consecrate a blemished animal as a burnt offering, but consecrated it as peace offering or intended to consecrate it as a peace offering, but consecrated it as burnt offering, he is not liable for lashes even though he intended to perform a transgression.If someone thought that it was permitted to consecrate a blemished animal for the altar and did so, the consecration is effective and he is not liable for lashes. 17a. The commentaries elaborate on this difference of opinion.

הַשּׁוֹחֵט בַּעַל מוּם לְשֵׁם קָרְבָּן לוֹקֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בְּבַעֲלֵי מוּמִין (ויקרא כ״ב:כ״ב) "לֹא תַקְרִיבוּ אֵלֶּה לַה'". וּמִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה אַזְהָרָה לַשּׁוֹחֵט. וְכֵן הַזּוֹרֵק דַּם בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לוֹקֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי נֶאֱמַר בָּהֶן (ויקרא כב-כד) "לֹא תַקְרִיבוּ (אֵלֶּה) לַה'" מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה אַזְהָרָה לַזּוֹרֵק. וְכֵן הַמַּקְטִיר אֵימוּרֵי בַּעֲלֵי מוּמִין עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ לוֹקֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כ״ב:כ״ב) "וְאִשֶּׁה לֹא תִתְּנוּ מֵהֶם עַל הַמִּזְבֵּחַ" אֵלּוּ הַחֲלָבִים. נִמְצֵאתָ לָמֵד שֶׁאִם הִקְדִּישׁ בַּעַל מוּם וּשְׁחָטוֹ וְזָרַק דָּמוֹ וְהִקְטִיר אֵימוּרָיו לוֹקֶה אַרְבַּע מַלְקִיּוֹת:One who slaughters a blemished animal for the sake of a sacrifice emphasizes that he must slaughter the animal for the sake of a sacrifice to be liable. is liable for lashes, (negative commandment 92) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 288) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. for [ibid.:22] states: "Do not offer these to God." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this is a warning to one who slaughters.Similarly, one who pours the blood of blemished animals on the altar is liable for lashes, (negative commandment 93) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 289) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. for, with regard to them, [ibid.:24] states: "Do not offer to God." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this is a warning to one who pours the blood of blemished animals on the altar.And also one who sets afire the selected portions of blemished sacrifices on the altar is liable for lashes, (negative commandment 94) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 290) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. for, with regard to them, (negative commandment 92) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 288) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. [ibid.:22] states: "Do not place them as a fire offering on the altar." This refers to the fats. Thus we can deduce that one who consecrates a blemished animal, slaughtered it, poured its blood [on the altar], and set afire its selected portions is worthy of four sets of lashes.

אֶחָד בַּעַל מוּם קָבוּעַ אוֹ בַּעַל מוּם עוֹבֵר אִם הִקְרִיבוֹ עוֹבֵר בְּכָל אֵלּוּ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יז-א) "לֹא תִזְבַּח לַה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ שׁוֹר וָשֶׂה אֲשֶׁר יִהְיֶה בוֹ מוּם". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה אַזְהָרָה לְבַעַל מוּם עוֹבֵר. כְּגוֹן שֶׁהָיָה בִּבְהֵמָה גָּרָב לַח אוֹ חֲזָזִית אִם הִקְרִיבָהּ לוֹקֶה:One transgresses the above commandments whether the animal has a permanent blemish or a temporary blemish, he violates all of these commandments, as [Deuteronomy 17:1] states: "Do not sacrifice to God your Lord an ox or a sheep that has a blemish." According to the Oral Tradition, we learned that this is a warning [against offering] an animal with a temporary blemish, (negative commandment 95) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 494) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. In his hasagot to Sefer HaMitzvot, the Ramban differs and maintains that this should not be considered as a separate commandment, but rather as an element of the above commandments. Even according to the Rambam, this one negative commandment includes all of the three prohibitions mentioned above. for example, an animal had a moist skin eruption or a boil. If he sacrificed, it, he is liable for lashes.

Mishneh Torah, Things Forbidden on the Altar.1