ضرب و زیان (حوول اومزیک) — رامبام

ضرب و زیان (حوول اومزیک)

ضرب و زیان (حوول اومزیک) — رامبام در Beth HaMidrash: متن عبری و ترجمهٔ فارسی‌اش، با راشی و مفسران بزرگ. رایگان، آنلاین.

הַחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ חַיָּב לְשַׁלֵּם לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים וְאֵלּוּ הֵם. נֵזֶק וְצַעַר וְרִפּוּי וְשֶׁבֶת וּבשֶׁת. וַחֲמִשָּׁה דְּבָרִים אֵלּוּ כֻּלָּן מִשְׁתַּלְּמִים מִן הַיָּפֶה שֶׁבִּנְכָסָיו כְּדִין כָּל הַמַּזִּיקִין:When a person injures a colleague, he is liable to compensate him in five ways: the damages, his pain, his medical treatment, his loss of employment and the embarrassment he suffered. All these five assessments must be paid from the highest quality of property that he owns, as is the law with regard to payment for damages.

נֵזֶק כֵּיצַד. שֶׁאִם קָטַע יַד חֲבֵרוֹ אוֹ רַגְלוֹ רוֹאִין אוֹתוֹ כְּאִלּוּ הוּא עֶבֶד נִמְכָּר בַּשּׁוּק כַּמָּה הָיָה יָפֶה [אָז] וְכַמָּה הוּא יָפֶה עַתָּה וּמְשַׁלֵּם הַפְּחָת שֶׁהִפְחִית מִדָּמָיו. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כא כד) (ויקרא כד כ) "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן". מִפִּי הַשְּׁמוּעָה לָמְדוּ שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר תַּחַת לְשַׁלֵּם מָמוֹן הוּא:What is meant by "the damages"? If a person cuts off the hand or the foot of a colleague, we theoretically consider the injured colleague as a servant being sold in the market place and evaluate his value before the injury and his value afterwards. The person who caused the injury must pay the depreciation in value.This is alluded to in Exodus 21:24: "An eye for an eye." The oral tradition interprets תחת, translated as "for," as an indication that the verse requires financial recompense.

זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בַּתּוֹרָה (ויקרא כד כ) "כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתֵּן מוּם בָּאָדָם כֵּן יִנָּתֶן בּוֹ" אֵינוֹ לַחֲבל בָּזֶה כְּמוֹ שֶׁחָבַל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ אֶלָּא שֶׁהוּא רָאוּי לְחַסְּרוֹ אֵיבָר אוֹ לַחֲבל בּוֹ כַּאֲשֶׁר עָשָׂה וּלְפִיכָךְ מְשַׁלֵּם נִזְקוֹ. וַהֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר לה לא) "וְלֹא תִקְחוּ כֹפֶר לְנֶפֶשׁ רֹצֵחַ" לְרוֹצֵחַ בִּלְבַד הוּא שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ כֹּפֶר אֲבָל לְחֶסְרוֹן אֵיבָרִים אוֹ לְחַבָּלוֹת יֵשׁ בּוֹ כֹּפֶר:The Torah's statement Leviticus 24:20: "Just as he caused an injury to his fellowman, so too, an injury should be caused to him," should not be interpreted in a literal sense. It does not mean that the person who caused the injury should actually be subjected to a similar physical punishment. Instead, the intent is that he deserves to lose a limb or to be injured in the same manner as his colleague was, and therefore he should make financial restitution to him.This interpretation is supported by the verse, Numbers 35:31: "Do not accept a ransom for the soul of the murderer." Implied is that no ransom may be paid for a murderer alone, but a ransom may be paid for causing a loss of limb or other injuries.

וְכֵן זֶה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּחוֹבֵל בַּחֲבֵרוֹ וּמַזִּיקוֹ (דברים כה יב) "לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ" שֶׁלֹּא תָּחוּס בְּתַשְׁלוּמִין שֶׁמָּא תֹּאמַר עָנִי הוּא זֶה וְשֶׁלֹּא בְּכַוָּנָה חָבַל בּוֹ אֲרַחֲמֶנּוּ לְכָךְ נֶאֱמַר לֹא תָחוֹס עֵינֶךָ:Thus, the statement Deuteronomy 25:12 with regard to a person who injures a colleague and causes him damage, "Do not have compassion," means "Do not have compassion in evaluating the amount he is required to pay." You should not say, "He is poor and did not intentionally mean to injure him; therefore, I will have mercy upon him. For this reason, it is written: "Do not have compassion."

וּמִנַּיִן שֶׁזֶּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּאֵיבָרִים (שמות כא כד) (ויקרא כד כ) "עַיִן תַּחַת עַיִן" תַּשְׁלוּמִין הוּא. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בּוֹ (שמות כא כה) "חַבּוּרָה תַּחַת חַבּוּרָה" וּבְפֵרוּשׁ נֶאֱמַר (שמות כא יח) "וְכִי יַכֶּה אִישׁ אֶת רֵעֵהוּ בְּאֶבֶן אוֹ בְּאֶגְרוֹף" וְגוֹ' (שמות כא יט) "רַק שִׁבְתּוֹ יִתֵּן וְרַפֹּא יְרַפֵּא". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁתַּחַת שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר בְּחַבּוּרָה תַּשְׁלוּמִין. וְהוּא הַדִּין לְתַחַת הָאָמוּר בְּעַיִן וּבִשְׁאָר אֵיבָרִים:How do we know that the intent of the Torah's statement with regard to the loss of a limb, "An eye for an eye," is financial restitution? That same verse continues "a blow for a blow." And with regard to the penalty for a giving a colleague a blow, it is explicitly stated Exodus 21:18-19: "When a man strikes his colleague with a stone or a fist... he should pay for his being idled and for his medical expenses." Thus, we learn that the word תחת mentioned with regard to a blow indicates the necessity for financial restitution, and so one can conclude that the meaning of the same word with regard to an eye or another limb is also financial restitution.

Mishneh Torah, One Who Injures a Person or Property.1