Ofiara świąteczna (Chagiga) — Rambam

Ofiara świąteczna (Chagiga)

Ofiara świąteczna (Chagiga) — Rambam w serwisie Beth HaMidrash: tekst hebrajski i jego polskie tłumaczenie, z Raszim i wielkimi komentatorami. Za darmo, online.

שָׁלֹשׁ מִצְוֹת עֲשֵׂה נִצְטַוּוּ יִשְׂרָאֵל בְּכָל רֶגֶל מִשָּׁלֹשׁ רְגָלִים וְאֵלּוּ הֵן. הָרְאִיָּה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כג יז) (שמות לד כג) (דברים טז טז) "יֵרָאֶה כָּל זְכוּרְךָ". וְהַחֲגִיגָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז טו) "תָּחֹג לַה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ". וְהַשִּׂמְחָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז יד) "וְשָׂמַחְתָּ בְּחַגֶּךָ". הָרְאִיָּה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הִיא שֶׁנִּרְאָה פָּנָיו בָּעֲזָרָה בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג וְיָבִיא עִמּוֹ קָרְבַּן עוֹלָה בֵּין מִן הָעוֹף בֵּין מִן הַבְּהֵמָה. וּמִי שֶׁבָּא לָעֲזָרָה בְּיוֹם רִאשׁוֹן וְלֹא הֵבִיא עוֹלָה לֹא דַּיּוֹ שֶׁלֹּא עָשָׂה מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה אֶלָּא עוֹבֵר עַל לֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כג טו) (שמות לד כ) "לֹא יֵרָאוּ פָנַי רֵיקָם". וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה עַל לָאו זֶה שֶׁהֲרֵי לֹא עָשָׂה מַעֲשֶׂה. הַחֲגִיגָה הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה הִיא שֶׁיַּקְרִיב שְׁלָמִים בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן שֶׁל חַג בְּבוֹאוֹ לְהֵרָאוֹת. וְהַדָּבָר יָדוּעַ שֶׁאֵין הַשְּׁלָמִים בָּאִים אֶלָּא מִן הַבְּהֵמָה. וּשְׁתֵּי מִצְוֹת אֵלּוּ שֶׁהֵן הָרְאִיָּה וְהַחֲגִיגָה אֵין הַנָּשִׁים חַיָּבוֹת בָּהֶן. וְהַשִּׂמְחָה הָאֲמוּרָה בָּרְגָלִים הִיא שֶׁיַּקְרִיב שְׁלָמִים יֶתֶר עַל שַׁלְמֵי חֲגִיגָה. וְאֵלּוּ הֵם הַנִּקְרָאִים שַׁלְמֵי שִׂמְחַת חֲגִיגָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים כז ז) "וְזָבַחְתָּ שְׁלָמִים וְאָכַלְתָּ שָּׁם וְשָׂמַחְתָּ לִפְנֵי ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ". וְנָשִׁים חַיָּבוֹת בְּמִצְוָה זוֹ:The Jewish people have been commanded to observe three positive commandments on each of the three pilgrimage festivals. They are:a) to appear before the Divine presence, as Exodus 23:17 states: "All of your males shall appear";b) bringing a festive offering, as Deuteronomy 16:15 states: "You shall bring a festive offering to God your Lord"; andc) celebration, as ibid.:14 states: "And you shall rejoice in festivals."The Torah's charge to appear before God mandates that one should appear in the Temple Courtyard on the first day of a festival and bring with him a burnt-offering, whether from fowl or from domesticated animals. One who comes to the Temple Courtyard on the first day of a festival without bringing a burnt-offering has not only failed to perform a positive commandment, but has violated a negative commandment, as Exodus 23:15 states: "You shall not appear in My presence empty-handed." One is not liable for lashes for the violation of this prohibition, because he did not perform a deed.The Torah's charge to bring a festive offering mandates that one offer a peace-offering on the first day of the festival when one comes to appear before the Divine presence. It is a known matter that peace-offerings are brought only from domesticated animals. Women are not obligated in these two mitzvot of appearing before the Divine presence and bringing a festive sacrifice.The Torah's charge to celebrate on festivals mandates that one offer peace-offerings in addition to the festive peace-offerings. These are called the festive celebratory peace-offerings, as Deuteronomy 27:7 states: "You shall rejoice before God, your Lord." Women are obligated in this mitzvah.

הָרְאִיָּה וְהַחֲגִיגָה אֵין לָהֶן שִׁעוּר מִן הַתּוֹרָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז יז) "אִישׁ כְּמַתְּנַת יָדוֹ" וְגוֹ'. אֲבָל מִדִּבְרֵי סוֹפְרִים שֶׁלֹּא יְהֵא קָרְבַּן עוֹלַת רְאִיָּה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה מָעָה כֶּסֶף וְלֹא שַׁלְמֵי חֲגִיגָה פָּחוֹת מִשְּׁוֵה שְׁתֵּי כֶּסֶף. וּמִצְוָה לְהָבִיא כְּפִי עָשְׁרוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר כְּמַתְּנַת יָדוֹ:According to Scriptural Law, there are no fixed measures with regard to the sacrifices brought when appearing before God or the festive offerings, as Deuteronomy 16:17 states: "Each person according to what he gives." According to Rabbinic Law, however, limits were established. One should not bring a burnt-offering to mark one's appearance worth less that a silver me'ah, nor should one bring a festive peace-offering worth less than two silver me'ah. It is a mitzvah to bring these sacrifices proportionate to one's wealth, as implied by the phrase: "according to what one gives...."

שַׁלְמֵי שִׂמְחָה לֹא נָתְנוּ בָּהֶן חֲכָמִים שִׁעוּר. בְּעֵת שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה אָדָם לִירוּשָׁלַיִם לָחֹג אִם הָיוּ בְּיָדוֹ קָרְבְּנוֹת הָרְאִיָּה יְבִיאֵם אוֹ יַעֲלֶה עִמּוֹ כֶּסֶף לִקְנוֹת בּוֹ הַקָּרְבָּן. וְאִם אֵין בְּיָדוֹ כֶּסֶף לֹא יָבִיא שְׁוֵה כֶּסֶף אֲפִלּוּ הָיָה בְּיָדוֹ שְׁוֵה כַּמָּה זְהוּבִים אָסוּר לוֹ לַעֲלוֹת רֵיקָם בְּלֹא כֶּסֶף וְלֹא קָרְבָּן. וְלָמָּה אָסְרוּ שֶׁיַּעֲלֶה בְּיָדוֹ שְׁוֵה כֶּסֶף גְּזֵרָה שֶׁמָּא לֹא יִמְצָא לִמְכֹּר אוֹ שֶׁמָּא יִמָּצְאוּ הַמָּעוֹת סִיגִים:Our Sages did not establish a minimum measure for the celebratory peace-offerings. When a person will ascend to Jerusalem for the festival, if he is in possession of the sacrifices required when presenting oneself, he should bring them or he should bring sufficient silver to purchase a sacrificial animal. If he does not possess silver, he should not bring articles of value equivalent to silver. Even if he is in possession of articles worth several gold pieces, it is forbidden for him to ascend to Jerusalem empty-handed without silver or a sacrificial animal.Why was one forbidden to ascend while bringing articles worth money? Perhaps he will not be able to sell them or perhaps he will find impurities in the money he receives.

מִי שֶׁלֹּא הִקְרִיב בְּיוֹם טוֹב הָרִאשׁוֹן עוֹלַת רְאִיָּתוֹ וְשַׁלְּמִי חֲגִיגָתוֹ הֲרֵי זֶה מַקְרִיבָן בִּשְׁאָר יְמוֹת הָרֶגֶל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים טז טו) "שִׁבְעַת יָמִים תָּחֹג לַה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ" מְלַמֵּד שֶׁכֻּלָּן רְאוּיִין לַחֲגִיגָה וְכֻלָּן תַּשְׁלוּמֵי רִאשׁוֹן הֵם:One who did not offer the burnt-offering marking his appearance and his festive peace-offering on the first day of the festival should offer them on the remaining days of the festival, as implied by Deuteronomy 16:15: "For seven days you shall celebrate unto God your Lord." This teaches that all of these days are fit for offering festive sacrifices. They are all compensation for the first day.

וּמִצְוָה לְהַקְדִּים וּלְהַקְרִיב בָּרִאשׁוֹן. לֹא הִקְרִיב בָּרִאשׁוֹן בֵּין שׁוֹגֵג בֵּין מֵזִיד יַקְרִיב בַּשֵּׁנִי. וְכָל הַמְּאַחֵר הֲרֵי זֶה מְגֻנֶּה וְעָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (צפניה ג יח) "נוּגֵי מִמּוֹעֵד אָסַפְתִּי":It is a mitzvah to be early and to offer these sacrifices on the first day. If, either inadvertently or intentionally, one did not offer them on the first day, they should be offered on the second day. Whoever delays is deserving of reproach. Concerning such a person is applied the words of censure, Tzefaniah 3:18: "I will gather in and break those who delay the festive prayers and offerings."

Mishneh Torah, Festival Offering.1