Rituelles Schlachten (Schechita) — Rambam

Rituelles Schlachten (Schechita)

Rituelles Schlachten (Schechita) — Rambam auf Beth HaMidrash: der hebräische Text und seine deutsche Übersetzung, mit Raschi und den großen Kommentatoren. Kostenlos, online.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה שֶׁיִּשְׁחֹט מִי שֶׁיִּרְצֶה לֶאֱכל בְּשַׂר בְּהֵמָה חַיָּה וְעוֹף וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֹאכַל שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב כא) "וְזָבַחְתָּ מִבְּקָרְךָ וּמִצֹּאנְךָ". וְנֶאֱמַר בִּבְכוֹר בַּעַל מוּם (דברים יב כב) "אַךְ כַּאֲשֶׁר יֵאָכֵל אֶת הַצְּבִי וְאֶת הָאַיָּל". הָא לָמַדְתָּ שֶׁחַיָּה כִּבְהֵמָה לְעִנְיַן שְׁחִיטָה. וּבְעוֹף הוּא אוֹמֵר (ויקרא יז יג) "אֲשֶׁר יָצוּד צֵיד חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף" וְגוֹ' (ויקרא יז יג) "וְשָׁפַךְ אֶת דָּמוֹ" מְלַמֵּד שֶׁשְּׁפִיכַת דַּם הָעוֹף כִּשְׁפִיכַת דַּם הַחַיָּה:It is a positive commandment (positive commandment 146) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 451) include this among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. As mentioned at the beginning of the Mishneh Torah, the Ra'avad differs and does not consider this a mitzvah. for one who desires to partake of the meat of a domesticated animal, wild beast, or fowl to slaughter [it] and then partake of it, 11:2: "There are other mitzvot that are not obligations, but resemble voluntary activities, for example, the mitzvah of mezuzah.... A person is not obligated to dwell in a house that requires a mezuzah in order to fulfill this mitzvah." Similarly, in the instance at hand, a person is not obligated to slaughter. If, however, he desires to eat meat, he must fulfill this mitzvah. as [Deuteronomy 12:21] states: "And you shall slaughter from your cattle and from your sheep." And with regard to a firstborn animal with a blemish, who elaborates, explaining that although Rashi does not interpret the verse in the same manner the Rambam does, there is support for the Rambam's interpretation. [ibid.:22] states: "As one would partake of a deer and a gazelle." From this, we learn that a wild beast is [governed by] the same [laws] as a domesticated animal with regard to ritual slaughter.And with regard to a fowl, [Leviticus 17:13] states: "that will snare a beast or a fowl as prey... and shed its blood." This teaches that shedding the blood of a fowl is analogous to shedding the blood of a wild beast. notes that Chulin 27b derives this equivalence from another source and explains why the Rambam cites this verse instead.

וְהִלְכוֹת שְׁחִיטָה בְּכֻלָּן אַחַת הֵן. לְפִיכָךְ הַשּׁוֹחֵט בְּהֵמָה אוֹ חַיָּה אוֹ עוֹף מְבָרֵךְ תְּחִלָּה אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו וְצִוָּנוּ עַל הַשְּׁחִיטָה. וְאִם לֹא בֵּרֵךְ בֵּין בְּשׁוֹגֵג בֵּין בְּמֵזִיד הַבָּשָׂר מֻתָּר. וְאָסוּר לֶאֱכל מִן הַשְּׁחוּטָה כָּל זְמַן שֶׁהִיא מְפַרְכֶּסֶת. וְהָאוֹכֵל מִמֶּנָּה קֹדֶם שֶׁתֵּצֵא נַפְשָׁהּ עוֹבֵר בְּלֹא תַּעֲשֶׂה. וַהֲרֵי הוּא בִּכְלַל (ויקרא יט כו) "לֹא תֹאכְלוּ עַל הַדָּם" וְאֵינוֹ לוֹקֶה. וּמֻתָּר לַחְתֹּךְ מִמֶּנָּה אַחַר שְׁחִיטָה קֹדֶם שֶׁתֵּצֵא נַפְשָׁהּ וּמוֹלְחוֹ יָפֶה יָפֶה וּמְדִיחוֹ יָפֶה יָפֶה וּמַנִּיחוֹ עַד שֶׁתָּמוּת וְאַחַר כָּךְ יֹאכְלֶנּוּ:The laws governing ritual slaughter are the same in all instances. who explains that there are some differences between the laws governing the slaughter of each of these types of animals. Therefore one who slaughters a domesticated animal, beast, or fowl should first 7b). recite the blessing: "[Blessed...] who sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us concerning 11:15). ritual slaughter." If he did not recite a blessing, either consciously or inadvertently, the meat is permitted.).It is forbidden to partake of a slaughtered animal throughout the time it is in its death throes., ch. 5). For once the animal has been slaughtered, these prohibitions no longer apply. When a person partakes of it before it dies, he transgresses a negative commandment. [This act] is included in the prohibition [Leviticus 19:26]: "Do not eat upon the blood." He does not, however, receive lashes. 18:2-3), i.e., prohibitions that include several diverse and unrelated acts, and lashes are not given for the violation of such prohibitions.It is permitted to cut meat from it after it has been ritually slaughtered, but before it dies. That meat should be salted thoroughly, washed thoroughly, 6:10). Why would one think that this meat is different?It would appear that the explanation is that other meat may be eaten if it is roasted or its blood sealed by being cast into vinegar (ibid.:12) and these options do not apply with regard to the meat in question. and left until the animal dies. Afterwards, it may be eaten.

דָּגִים וַחֲגָבִים אֵינָן צְרִיכִים שְׁחִיטָה אֶלָּא אֲסִיפָתָן הִיא הַמַּתֶּרֶת אוֹתָן. הֲרֵי הוּא אוֹמֵר (במדבר יא כב) "הֲצֹאן וּבָקָר יִשָּׁחֵט לָהֶם וּמָצָא לָהֶם אִם אֶת כָּל דְּגֵי הַיָּם יֵאָסֵף לָהֶם", אֲסֵפַת דָּגִים כִּשְׁחִיטַת בָּקָר וְצֹאן. וּבַחֲגָבִים נֶאֱמַר (ישעיה לג ד) "אֹסֶף הֶחָסִיל", בַּאֲסִיפָה לְבַדָּהּ. לְפִיכָךְ אִם מֵתוּ מֵאֲלֵיהֶן בְּתוֹךְ הַמַּיִם מֻתָּרִין. וּמֻתָּר לְאָכְלָן חַיִּים:Fish and locusts need not be slaughtered. Instead, gathering them causes them to be permitted to be eaten. [This is indicated by Numbers 11:22]: "Can sheep and cattle be slaughtered for them that will suffice them? If all the fish of the sea would be gathered for them...." This indicates that gathering fish is like slaughtering cattle and sheep. And with regard to locusts, [Isaiah 33:4] states: "the gathering of the locusts," i.e., gathering alone [is sufficient]. Therefore if fish die naturally in the water, they are permitted.). The general principle is: Whenever the mitzvah of ritual slaughter does not apply, the prohibitions against eating flesh from a living animal and eating a dead animal do not apply. And it is permitted to eat them while they are alive. 90b states that one who eats a live locust violates the prohibition: "Do not make your souls detestable." [See also Rama (Yoreh De'ah 13:1) who issues a similar warning with regard to partaking of live fish.) How then can the Rambam say that it is permitted?Among the resolutions of this question are:a) The passage in Shabbat refers only to a non-kosher locust, not a kosher one.b) The Rambam, here, is saying that one may cut off part of a living locust and eat it, but not that one may eat an entire locust alive.c) Here the Rambam is speaking with regard to the laws regarding ritual slaughter. He is not focusing on those involving other prohibitions.

זְבִיחָה זוֹ הָאֲמוּרָה בַּתּוֹרָה סְתָם צָרִיךְ לְפָרֵשׁ אוֹתָהּ וְלֵידַע בְּאֵי זֶה מָקוֹם מִן הַבְּהֵמָה שׁוֹחֲטִין. וְכַמָּה שִׁעוּר הַשְּׁחִיטָה. וּבְאֵי זֶה דָּבָר שׁוֹחֲטִין. וּמָתַי שׁוֹחֲטִין. וְהֵיכָן שׁוֹחֲטִין. וְכֵיצַד שׁוֹחֲטִין. וּמַה הֵן הַדְּבָרִים הַמַּפְסִידִין אֶת הַשְּׁחִיטָה. וּמִי הוּא הַשּׁוֹחֵט. וְעַל כָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ צִוָּנוּ בַּתּוֹרָה וְאָמַר (דברים יב כא) "וְזָבַחְתָּ מִבְּקָרְךָ" וְגוֹ' (דברים יב כא) "כַּאֲשֶׁר צִוִּיתִךָ וְאָכַלְתָּ בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ" וְגוֹ' שֶׁכָּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלּוּ עַל פֶּה צִוָּה בָּהֶן כִּשְׁאָר תּוֹרָה שֶׁבְּעַל פֶּה שֶׁהִיא הַנִּקְרֵאת (שמות כד יב) "מִצְוָה" כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּתְחִלַּת חִבּוּר זֶה:The slaughter which the Torah mentions without elaboration must be explained so that we know: a) which place in the animal is [appropriate] for ritual slaughter?, b) what is the measure of the slaughtering process?, c) with what do we slaughter?, d) when do we slaughter?, e) in which place [on the animal's neck] do we slaughter? f) how do we slaughter, g) what factors disqualify the slaughter? h) who can slaughter?We were commanded concerning all of these factors in the Torah with the verse [Deuteronomy 12:21]: "And you shall slaughter from your cattle... as I commanded you." All of these factors were commanded to us orally as is true with regard to the remainder of the Oral Law which is called "the mitzvah," as we explained in the beginning of this text.. There the Rambam explains that the Oral Law is called "the mitzvah," because it gives us instruction concerning the observance of the mitzvot. Without it, we would not know how to fulfill them.

מְקוֹם הַשְּׁחִיטָה מִן הַחַי הוּא הַצַּוָּאר. וְכָל הַצַּוָּאר כָּשֵׁר לִשְׁחִיטָה. כֵּיצַד. בַּוֵּשֶׁט מִתְּחִלַּת הַמָּקוֹם שֶׁכְּשֶׁחוֹתְכִין אוֹתוֹ מִתְכַּוֵּץ עַד מָקוֹם שֶׁיַּשְׂעִיר וְיַתְחִיל לִהְיוֹת פְּרָצִין פְּרָצִין כְּכֶרֶס. זֶה הוּא מְקוֹם הַשְּׁחִיטָה בַּוֵּשֶׁט:The place where an animal should be slaughtered is the neck. The entire neck is acceptable for slaughtering.What is implied? With regard to the gullet, from the beginning of the place where when it is cut, it contracts until the place where hair grows and it begins appearing fissured like the stomach, this is the place of slaughter with regard to the gullet.

Mishneh Torah, Ritual Slaughter.1