Избранный Храм (Бейт ха-Бехира) — Рамбам

Избранный Храм (Бейт ха-Бехира)

Избранный Храм (Бейт ха-Бехира) — Рамбам на Бет ха-Мидраш: еврейский текст и перевод на русский, с Раши и великими комментаторами. Бесплатно, онлайн.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לַעֲשׂוֹת בַּיִת לַה' מוּכָן לִהְיוֹת מַקְרִיבִים בּוֹ הַקָּרְבָּנוֹת. וְחוֹגְגִין אֵלָיו שָׁלֹשׁ פְּעָמִים בַּשָּׁנָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (שמות כה ח) "וְעָשׂוּ לִי מִקְדָּשׁ". וּכְבָר נִתְפָּרֵשׁ בַּתּוֹרָה מִשְׁכָּן שֶׁעָשָׂה משֶׁה רַבֵּנוּ. וְהָיָה לְפִי שָׁעָה שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים יב ט) "כִּי לֹא בָאתֶם עַד עָתָּה" וְגוֹ':by quoting a verse from the Bible. In this case, the verse chosen does more than introduce the text to follow. It also emphasizes that we are commanded to "seek out the welfare of Jerusalem" and study the laws of the Temple's construction. It is a positive commandment (positive commandment 20) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 95) include this as one of 613 mitzvot. The mitzvah is incumbent on the Jewish community as a whole and must be undertaken by the nation as a collective entity. See Hilchot Melachim 1:1 which speaks of "Israel being commanded to fulfill three mitzvot upon entering [the Promised] Land." to construct a House for God,, Vol. 18, p. 418).From the Rambam' wording (Halachah 12 and elsewhere), it appears that he views the mitzvah as the activity of building. prepared for sacrifices to be offered within.(loc. cit.) the Rambam describes the mitzvah to build a Sanctuary as : "the command... to make a house for service where sacrifices will be offered."In contrast, the Ramban (Nachmanides) views the construction of the Temple as a command with a self-contained objective. Thus, he writes in his commentary to the Torah (Exodus 25:2 : "[God's] essential desire in the Sanctuary was the [construction of] a resting place for the Shechinah."Some commentaries explain the disagreement between these giants simply: According to the Rambam, the Temple was built to allow for sacrifices to be offered, while the Ramban views the revelation of the Shechinah as the Temple's purpose.However, this interpretation can not be accepted because:a) the Torah itself specifically refers to the Temple as (Deuteronomy 12:5 : "The place which God has chosen to cause His Name to dwell there," emphasizing the revelation of Godliness.b) when describing the mitzvah to build a Sanctuary, the Rambam himself writes that we are commanded "to construct a house for God," stressing that the main element of the Temple was the revelation of Godliness. It is after that statement, that he declares that the House must be "prepared for sacrifices to be offered within."Therefore, it must be assumed that both sages recognized the two differing elements, and the debate between them involves the question of determining which aspect is more important. The Ramban considered the fundamental goal the revelation of Godliness and viewed man's service as a means toward that end. On the other hand, the Rambam saw man's service as the ultimate objective. However, that service could only be complete when carried out in a place where Godliness is revealed (Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 4, p. 1346, Vol. 11, p. 116, Vol. 24, p. 84). We [must] celebrate there three times a year, 1:1). as [Exodus 25:8] states: "And you shall make Me a sanctuary.).In Hilchot Melachim (1:1), the Rambam writes "Israel was commanded to fulfill three mitzvot upon its entry into Eretz [Yisrael]: to appoint a king..., to annihilate the seed of Amalek.., and to build [God's] Chosen House as it is said: "You shall seek out His dwelling and come there." The commentaries offer different explanations why the Rambam quotes a different verse in either place."The sanctuary constructed by Moses is already described in the Torah. It was only temporary, as [Deuteronomy 12:9] states: "For at present, you have not come unto [the resting place and the inheritance]."

כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּכְנְסוּ לָאָרֶץ הֶעֱמִידוּ הַמִּשְׁכָּן בַּגִּלְגָּל אַרְבַּע עֶשְׂרֵה שָׁנָה שֶׁכָּבְשׁוּ וְשֶׁחִלְּקוּ. וּמִשָּׁם בָּאוּ לְשִׁילֹה וּבָנוּ שָׁם בַּיִת שֶׁל אֲבָנִים וּפָרְשׂוּ יְרִיעוֹת הַמִּשְׁכָּן עָלָיו וְלֹא הָיְתָה שָׁם תִּקְרָה. וְשס"ט שָׁנָה עָמַד מִשְׁכַּן שִׁילֹה וּכְשֶׁמֵּת עֵלִי חָרַב וּבָאוּ לְנֹב וּבָנוּ שָׁם מִקְדָּשׁ. וּכְשֶׁמֵּת שְׁמוּאֵל חָרַב וּבָאוּ לְגִבְעוֹן וּבָנוּ שָׁם מִקְדָּשׁ. וּמִגִּבְעוֹן בָּאוּ לְבֵית הָעוֹלָמִים. וִימֵי נֹב וְגִבְעוֹן שֶׁבַע וַחֲמִשִּׁים שָׁנָה:After [the Jews] entered The Land [of Israel], they erected the Sanctuary in Gilgal during the fourteen years in which they conquered and divided [the land]. 118b). From there, they came to Shiloh, built a house of stone, and spread the curtains of the Sanctuary over it. It did not have a roof. The sanctuary of Shiloh stood for 369 years. When Eli died, it was destroyed. states that the verse (Deuteronomy 12:5 : "The place which God has chosen to cause His name to dwell there" refers to "Shiloh and the Temple."The uniqueness of Shiloh is further emphasized by the fact that while it stood, the Jews were forbidden to offer sacrifices in any other place. While the Ark was in Gilgal, and similarly, in Nov and Givon, the Jews were allowed to bring their individual sacrifices wherever they desired. However, during all the years the Sanctuary was in Shiloh, no sacrifices could be offered in any other location.[Afterwards,] they came to Nov, 9b). and built a sanctuary., ibid.) states that the Jews erected the Sanctuary that had stood in the desert in Nov, here he appears to follow the view mentioned by Rashi (Pesachim 38 a,b) which states that a stone structure was erected there. Similarly, Sotah 9a states that the sanctuary's structure was entombed when the Jews entered Eretz Yisrael. The Sanctuary of Nov stood for 44 years (Seder HaDorot). When Samuel died, it was destroyed. And they came to Givon and built a sanctuary. From Givon, they came to the eternal structure [in Jerusalem]. The days [the sanctuary stood] in Nov and Givon were 57 years.

כֵּיוָן שֶׁנִּבְנָה הַמִּקְדָּשׁ בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם נֶאֶסְרוּ כָּל הַמְּקוֹמוֹת כֻּלָּן לִבְנוֹת בָּהֶן בַּיִת לַה' וּלְהַקְרִיב בָּהֶן קָרְבָּן. וְאֵין שָׁם בַּיִת לְדוֹרֵי הַדּוֹרוֹת אֶלָּא בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם בִּלְבַד וּבְהַר הַמּוֹרִיָּה שֶׁבָּהּ נֶאֱמַר (דברי הימים א כב א) "וַיֹּאמֶר דָּוִיד זֶה הוּא בֵּית ה' הָאֱלֹהִים וְזֶה מִּזְבֵּחַ לְעלָה לְיִשְׂרָאֵל" וְאוֹמֵר (תהילים קלב יד) "זֹאת מְנוּחָתִי עֲדֵי עַד":Once the Temple was built in Jerusalem, it became forbidden to build a sanctuary for God or to offer sacrifices in any other place. 18:3 which describes this prohibition. Zevachim 112b states: "When they came to Jerusalem [and erected the Temple], it became forbidden [to sacrifice in] the High Places and permission [to sacrifice] there was never granted [again]."That prohibition was derived from the following verses (Deuteronomy 12:5-6):Only at the place where the Lord, your God, shall choose to cause His Name to dwell, may you seek Him at his dwelling...There, you shall bring your burnt offerings and your sacrifices.The preceding verses described how the pagans had sacrificed "upon the high mountains, upon the hills, under every lofty tree." In contrast, the service of God had to be centralized in one place alone, "the place which the Lord, your God shall choose to cause His Name to dwell." Nevertheless, until an abode for the Shechinah was constructed, there was no prohibition against sacrificing anywhere in Eretz Yisrael.As mentioned above, this prohibition was in effect during the time of the Sanctuary of Shiloh. After Shiloh was destroyed, there were no restrictions until the Temple was built. However, once the Shechinah was revealed on Mount Moriah, the Jews were never allowed to offer their sacrifices at any other place.Although Shiloh and the Temple were both considered "the place God chose...," there is a difference between the two. God's choice of Shiloh was for the benefit of the Jewish people. He wanted to offer them a centralized place of worship. However, the physical place of the Sanctuary did not itself become holy for all time.In contrast, God chose Jerusalem as an eternal resting place for the Shechinah. The Divine Presence united with the place itself. After Shiloh was destroyed, no vestige of its former holiness remained. However, Mount Moriah remains "the gate to heaven" even after the Temple has been destroyed. Hence, permission was never granted to sacrifice in other places. See Likkutei Sichot, Vol. 24, p. 80-85.There is no Sanctuary for all generations 10a records the construction of such a sanctuary in Alexandria by Ono, the son of Shimon HaTzaddik. except in Jerusalem and [specifically,] on Mt. Moriah,, meaning instruction. The Temple was the seat of the Sanhedrin, Israel's highest court and the source of instruction for the entire Jewish nation. Others associate it with the word yirah, meaning "fear," for from this mountain, the fear of God radiated forth. as [I Chronicles 22:1] states: "And David declared: 'This is the House of the Lord, God, and this is the altar for the burnt offerings of Israel.' and [Psalms 132:14] states: "This is My resting place forever."

בִּנְיָן שֶׁבָּנָה שְׁלֹמֹה כְּבָר מְפֹרָשׁ בִּמְלָכִים. וְכֵן בִּנְיָן הֶעָתִיד לְהִבָּנוֹת אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא כָּתוּב בִּיחֶזְקֵאל אֵינוֹ מְפֹרָשׁ וּמְבֹאָר. וְאַנְשֵׁי בַּיִת שֵׁנִי כְּשֶׁבָּנוּ בִּימֵי עֶזְרָא בָּנוּהוּ כְּבִנְיַן שְׁלֹמֹה וּמֵעֵין דְּבָרִים הַמְפֹרָשִׁים בִּיחֶזְקֵאל:The [design of the] structure built by [King] Solomon is described explicitly in [the Book of] Kings. [In contrast, the design of] the Messianic Temple, though mentioned in [the Book of] Ezekiel, is not explicit or explained. Thus, the people [in the time] of Ezra built the Second Temple according to the structure of Solomon, [including] certain aspects which are explicitly stated in Ezekiel. contrast Ezekiel's vision and the structure of the Second Temple in mishnayot 2:5, 3:1, 4:2.

וְאֵלּוּ הֵן הַדְּבָרִים שֶׁהֵן עִקָּר בְּבִנְיַן הַבַּיִת. עוֹשִׂין בּוֹ קֹדֶשׁ וְקֹדֶשׁ הַקָּדָשִׁים וְיִהְיֶה לִפְנֵי הַקֹּדֶשׁ מָקוֹם אֶחָד וְהוּא הַנִּקְרָא אוּלָם. וּשְלָשְתָּן נִקְרָאִין הֵיכָל. וְעוֹשִין מְחִצָּה אַחֶרֶת סָבִיב לַהֵיכָל רְחוֹקָה מִמֶּנּוּ כְּעֵין קַלְעֵי הֶחָצֵר שֶׁהָיוּ בַּמִּדְבָּר. וְכָל הַמֻּקָּף בִּמְחִיצָה זוֹ שֶׁהוּא כְּעֵין חֲצַר אֹהֶל מוֹעֵד הוּא הַנִּקְרָא עֲזָרָה וְהַכּל נִקְרָא מִקְדָּשׁ:The followings elements are essential when constructing this House:a) the Sanctuary,, and the table for the Showbread.b) the Holy of Holies,c) preceding the Sanctuary, there should be a place called the Entrance Hall.The three [together] are called the Temple. 2a).The commentaries note that Jeremiah 7:4 states: "Trust not in lying words which say: 'The Temple of the Lord, the Temple of the Lord, the Temple of the Lord... ' The threefold repetition alludes to the fact that the three chambers mentioned above share an equal measure of holiness.[In addition,] we must make another partition around the Temple, set off from it [slightly], resembling the curtains surrounding the courtyard of the [sanctuary in the] desert. Everything encompassed by this partition is similar to the courtyard of the Tent of Meeting and is called the Courtyard. is the word ezra meaning "help." In the Temple Courtyard, the Jewish people call to God and He responds, granting them assistance.The entire area is referred to as the Mikdash.

Mishneh Torah, The Chosen Temple.1