Andere bronnen van onreinheid — Rambam

Andere bronnen van onreinheid

Andere bronnen van onreinheid — Rambam op Beth HaMidrash: de Hebreeuwse tekst met Nederlandse vertaling, met Rasji en de grote commentatoren. Gratis, online.

הַנְּבֵלָה אָב מֵאֲבוֹת הַטֻּמְאוֹת. כְּזַיִת מִבְּשָׂרָהּ מְטַמֵּא אָדָם וְכֵלִים בְּמַגָּע וּכְלֵי חֶרֶס בַּאֲוִיר. וּמְטַמֵּא אֶת הָאָדָם בְּמַשָּׂא לְטַמֵּא בְּגָדִים כְּמֶרְכַּב הַזָּב. כֵּיצַד. אָדָם שֶׁנָּגַע בִּנְבֵלָה נִטְמָא וַהֲרֵי הוּא רִאשׁוֹן לְטֻמְאָה. וְאִם נָגַע בְּכֵלִים אֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת מַגָּעוֹ בִּנְבֵלָה הֲרֵי הֵן טְהוֹרִין. וְכֵן כֵּלִים שֶׁעָלָיו טְהוֹרִין לְפִי [שֶׁהוּא] וָלָד וְאֵין וָלָד מְטַמֵּא כֵּלִים. אֲבָל הַנּוֹשֵׂא אֶת הַנְּבֵלָה מְטַמֵּא כֵּלִים בִּשְׁעַת נְשִׂיאָתוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא יא כח) "וְהַנּשֵֹׁא אֶת נִבְלָתָם יְכַבֵּס בְּגָדָיו". וְאוֹתָן הַבְּגָדִים רִאשׁוֹן לְטֻמְאָה. וְאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא לֹא אָדָם וְלֹא כְּלֵי חֶרֶס וַאֲפִלּוּ בִּשְׁעַת נְשִׂיאָתוֹ כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בִּמְטַמְּאֵי מִשְׁכָּב וּמוֹשָׁב:The carcass of a dead animal is a primary source of impurity. An olive-sized portion of its meat imparts impurity to a person and keilim when touched and to an earthenware container when it enters its inner space. And it imparts impurity to a person when being carried to the extent that his clothes become impure, as is the law regarding a surface on which one rides that contracted impurity from a zav.What is implied? When a person touches the carcass of a dead animal, he is considered as a primary derivative of impurity. If he touches keilim - even at the same time that he is touching the carcass - they are pure. Similarly, the clothes that he is wearing are pure, for he is a derivative of impurity and a derivative does not impart impurity to keilim.When, by contrast, one carries the carcass of a dead animal, he imparts impurity to keilim while he is carrying it, as Leviticus 11:28 states: "One who carries their carcasses must launder his garments." Those garments are considered as primary derivatives of impurity. He does not impart impurity to another person or to earthenware containers even when he is carrying the carcass, as we explained in Hilchot Metamei Mishkav UMoshav.

אֶחָד בְּהֵמָה וְחַיָּה בֵּין הַמֻּתָּרִין בַּאֲכִילָה בֵּין הָאֲסוּרִין אִם מֵתוּ כֻּלָּן בְּשָׂרָן מְטַמֵּא בִּכְזַיִת. וּשְׁחִיטַת בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה וְחַיָּה טְהוֹרָה מְטַהַרְתּוֹ בְּכָל מָקוֹם. וַאֲפִלּוּ שָׁחַט חֻלִּין בַּעֲזָרָה וְקָדָשִׁים בַּחוּץ הֲרֵי אֵלּוּ טְהוֹרִין. וְאִם אֵרַע פִּסּוּל בַּשְּׁחִיטָה הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה וּמְטַמְּאָה בְּמַשָּׂא כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת שְׁחִיטָה:These laws apply regarding both the carcasses of a domesticated animal and a wild animal, whether of a species permitted to be eaten or one forbidden to be eaten. If any of these types of animals die, an olive-sized portion of their meat imparts impurity. The ritual slaughter of a kosher domesticated animal or a kosher wild animal purifies it in all circumstances. Even if one slaughtered an ordinary animal in the Temple Courtyard or a consecrated animal outside the Temple Courtyard, they are pure. If a disqualifying factor occurs in the process of ritual slaughter, the carcass is considered like that of an animal that died. It imparts impurity when carried, as stated in Hilchot Shechitah.

בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וְחַיָּה טְמֵאָה אֵין הַשְּׁחִיטָה מוֹעֶלֶת בָּהּ וְאֶחָד הַשּׁוֹחֲטָהּ אוֹ הַנּוֹחֲרָהּ אוֹ הַחוֹנְקָהּ אוֹ שֶׁמֵּתָה כְּדַרְכָּהּ הֲרֵי זוֹ נְבֵלָה. וְכָל הַנְּבֵלוֹת מִצְטָרְפוֹת לְעִנְיַן טֻמְאָה לִכְזַיִת אֶחָד טְמֵאוֹת וְאֶחָד טְהוֹרוֹת:Ritual slaughter has no effect on the status of a non-kosher domesticated animal or a non-kosher wild animal. Whether one slaughters such an animal, stabs it in the throat, strangles it, or it dies naturally, it is considered as an animal carcass. Flesh from all carcasses - both from kosher species and from non-kosher species can be combined to reach the minimum measure of an olive-sized portion that imparts ritual impurity.

מֹחַ הֲרֵי הוּא כְּבָשָׂר. וְדַם הַנְּבֵלָה אֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא כִּנְבֵלָה אֶלָּא הֲרֵי הוּא כְּמַשְׁקִין טְמֵאִים שֶׁאֵינוֹ מְטַמֵּא לֹא אָדָם וְלֹא כֵּלִים מִן הַתּוֹרָה:The marrow of a bone is considered like flesh. The blood of an animal carcass does not impart impurity like an animal carcass. Instead, it is considered as an impure liquid which does not impart impurity to a person or to utensils according to Scriptural Law.

חֵלֶב בְּהֵמָה טְהוֹרָה שֶׁמֵּתָה טָהוֹר. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא ז כד) "וְחֵלֶב נְבֵלָה וְחֵלֶב טְרֵפָה יֵעָשֶׂה לְכָל מְלָאכָה וְאָכל לֹא תֹאכְלֻהוּ" מִי שֶׁאִסּוּרוֹ מִשּׁוּם נְבֵלָה וּטְרֵפָה. וְאִם הֻכְשַׁר בְּמַשְׁקִין הַמַּכְשִׁירִין הֲרֵי הוּא כָּאֳכָלִין טְמֵאִין וְאֵינוֹ כִּבְשַׂר נְבֵלָה. וְהַנּוֹגֵעַ בַּחֵלֶב הַחוֹפֶה אֶת הַכֻּלְיָא קֹדֶם הַפְרָשָׁה הֲרֵי זֶה טָמֵא כְּנוֹגֵעַ בַּכֻּלְיָא עַצְמָהּ שֶׁהֲרֵי כַּמָּה חוּטִין נִמְשָׁכִין מִמֶּנָּה בַּחֵלֶב. אֲבָל בְּהֵמָה טְמֵאָה וְהַחַיָּה בֵּין טְהוֹרָה בֵּין טְמֵאָה אֶחָד בְּשָׂרָהּ וְאֶחָד חֶלְבָּהּ לְטֻמְאָה. וּמְטַמֵּא אָדָם וְכֵלִים בִּכְזַיִת כִּבְשַׂר הַנְּבֵלָה:The fat of a kosher animal that died without ritual slaughter is ritually pure, as implied by Leviticus 7:24: "The fat of a domesticated animal that died or the fat of a domesticated animal that was torn to death may be used for any purpose." The license granted by this verse applies to an entity forbidden only because the animal had died or was torn to death. If such fat was made fit to contract impurity due to contact with liquids that convey that status, it is considered as impure food and not as the meat of a dead animal.Nevertheless, when one touches the fat the surrounds the kidney of a kosher domesticated animal that died without ritual slaughter before it was separated from the kidney, he is impure like one who touches the kidney itself. The rationale is that several strands of flesh from the kidney itself extend into the fat.With regard to a non-kosher domesticated animal and a wild animal, whether kosher or non-kosher, the same laws apply to both its meat and its fat with regard to ritual impurity. An olive-sized portion imparts impurity to a person and to keilim like the meat of a dead animal.

Mishneh Torah, Other Sources of Defilement.1