Wyceny i dobra poświęcone (Arachin) — Rambam

Wyceny i dobra poświęcone (Arachin)

Wyceny i dobra poświęcone (Arachin) — Rambam w serwisie Beth HaMidrash: tekst hebrajski i jego polskie tłumaczenie, z Raszim i wielkimi komentatorami. Za darmo, online.

הָעֲרָכִים הֵם נֵדֶר מִכְּלַל נִדְרֵי הֶקְדֵּשׁ. שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ויקרא כז ב) "אִישׁ כִּי יַפְלִא נֶדֶר בְּעֶרְכְּךָ נְפָשֹׁת לַה'". לְפִיכָךְ חַיָּבִין עֲלֵיהֶן מִשּׁוּם (במדבר ל ג) "לֹא יַחֵל דְּבָרוֹ" וְ(דברים כג כב) "לֹא תְאַחֵר לְשַׁלְּמוֹ" וּמִשּׁוּם (במדבר ל ג) "כְּכָל הַיֹּצֵא מִפִּיו יַעֲשֶׂה":Endowment valuations [arechim] means "evaluate." Nevertheless, the term is not appropriate, because these endowments do not involve an evaluation of the worth of the person (house or field), but instead, a standard figure. It refers to a donation given to the Temple treasury of one's own free will to be used for improvements within the Temple or the like. are pledges included in the category of vows made to consecrate property, 1:2. The Rambam makes this statement to explain why he discusses these mitzvot in Sefer Hafla'ah (Kessef Mishneh). They are mentioned last, because unlike the other subjects discussed in this book, they concern donations to the Temple rather than prohibitions one takes upon oneself (Radbaz). as [Leviticus] 27:2 states: "When a man will utter a vow, making an endowment evaluation concerning humans to God." Therefore [failure to fulfill them] makes one liable for the violation [of the prohibitions, Numbers 30:3:] "He shall not desecrate his word," 1:5 with regard to this prohibition. and [Deuteronomy 23:22]: "Do not delay in paying it," (in the introduction to those halachot and in Chapter 14, Halachah 13). and [the positive commandment, Numbers, loc. cit.]: "He shall act in accordance with all that he uttered with his mouth." 1:4 with regard to this positive commandment.

מִצְוַת עֲשֵׂה לָדוּן בְּדִינֵי עֲרָכִין כַּאֲשֶׁר מְפֹרָשׁ בַּתּוֹרָה. וְאֶחָד הָאוֹמֵר עֶרְכִּי עָלַי. אוֹ הָאוֹמֵר עֵרֶךְ זֶה עָלַי. אוֹ עֵרֶךְ פְּלוֹנִי עָלַי. נוֹתֵן הָעֵרֶךְ לְפִי שְׁנֵי הַנֶּעֱרָךְ וְהוּא הַדָּבָר הַקָּצוּב שֶׁבַּתּוֹרָה לֹא פָּחוֹת וְלֹא יֶתֶר:It is a positive commandment to render judgment concerning arechim as prescribed by the Torah. (positive commandment 114) and Sefer HaChinuch (mitzvah 350) include this commandment among the 613 mitzvot of the Torah. Whether one says: "I pledge my airech," "I pledge the airech of this person," or "I pledge the airech of so-and-so," he must pay the airech as prescribed according to the age of the person specified.This is a fixed amount as dictated by the Torah, neither more, nor less.

וְכַמָּה הוּא הָעֵרֶךְ. אִם הָיָה הַנֶּעֱרָךְ בֶּן שְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם אוֹ פָּחוֹת אֵין לוֹ עֵרֶךְ וְהָאוֹמֵר עָלָיו עֵרֶךְ זֶה עָלַי הֲרֵי זֶה כְּאוֹמֵר עֵרֶךְ כְּלִי זֶה עָלַי וְאֵינוֹ חַיָּב כְּלוּם. הָיָה מִבֶּן אֶחָד וּשְׁלֹשִׁים יוֹם עַד בֶּן חָמֵשׁ שָׁנִים גְּמוּרוֹת עֵרֶךְ הַזָּכָר חֲמִשָּׁה שְׁקָלִים וְהַנְּקֵבָה שְׁלֹשָׁה שְׁקָלִים. מִשֶּׁנִּכְנַס בִּשְׁנַת שֵׁשׁ יוֹם אֶחָד עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁלִים שְׁנַת עֶשְׂרִים עֵרֶךְ הַזָּכָר עֶשְׂרִים שְׁקָלִים וְהַנְּקֵבָה עֲשָׂרָה שְׁקָלִים. מִשֶּׁיִּכָּנֵס בִּשְׁנַת אַחַת וְעֶשְׂרִים יוֹם עַד שֶׁיַּשְׁלִים שְׁנַת שִׁשִּׁים עֵרֶךְ הַזָּכָר חֲמִשִּׁים שְׁקָלִים וְהַנְּקֵבָה שְׁלֹשִׁים שְׁקָלִים. וּמִשֶּׁיִּכָּנֵס בִּשְׁנַת אַחַת וְשִׁשִּׁים יוֹם עַד יוֹם מוֹתוֹ אֲפִלּוּ חָיָה כַּמָּה שָׁנִים עֵרֶךְ הַזָּכָר חֲמִשָּׁה עָשָׂר שְׁקָלִים וְהַנְּקֵבָה עֲשָׂרָה שְׁקָלִים:What is the airech [prescribed by the Torah]? If the person whose airech was donated was 30 days old or less, 11:17. Note, however, the contrast to Halachah 9. he has no airech. When one says: "I pledge the airech of this person," [and the person is 30 days old or less,] it is as if he said: "I pledge the airech of this utensil" with regard to utsensils. and [the donor] is not liable at all.If [the person whose airech was donated] was between 30 days old and a full five years, the airech of a male is five [silver] shekalim and of a female, three [silver] shekalim. is eight oz. of silver in contemporary measure. From when one begins his or her sixth year until the completion of the twentieth year, the airech of a male is 20 [silver] shekalim and of a female, 10 [silver] shekalim. From when one begins his or her twenty-first year until the completion of the sixtieth year, the airech of a male is 50 [silver] shekalim and of a female, 30 [silver] shekalim..From when one begins his or her sixty-first year until the day of his or her death, [regardless of] the number of years [he or she lives,] theairech of a male is 15 [silver] shekalim and of a female, 10 [silver]shekalim..

כָּל הַשָּׁנִים הָאֵלּוּ מֵעֵת לְעֵת מִיּוֹם הַלֵּדָה. וְכָל הַשְּׁקָלִים בְּשֶׁקֶל הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְהוּא מִשְׁקַל שְׁלֹשׁ מֵאוֹת וְעֶשְׂרִים שְׂעוֹרָה מִכֶּסֶף טָהוֹר. וּכְבָר הוֹסִיפוּ עָלָיו וְעָשׂוּ אוֹתוֹ סֶלַע כְּמוֹ שֶׁבֵּאַרְנוּ בְּהִלְכוֹת שְׁקָלִים:All of these years are calculated from day to day from the person's birthday. All of the shekalim are holy shekalim, i.e., the weight in pure silver of 320 barley corns. [Our Sages] already added to the value [of this coin] and made it equivalent to a sela,, weighing 384 barley corns of silver. as we explained in Hilchot Shekalim. 1:2.

טֻמְטוּם וְאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס אֵין לָהֶם עֵרֶךְ שֶׁלֹּא קָצְבָה תּוֹרָה עֵרֶךְ אֶלָּא לְזָכָר וַדַּאי אוֹ לִנְקֵבָה וַדָּאִית. לְפִיכָךְ טֻמְטוּם וְאַנְדְּרוֹגִינוּס שֶׁאָמַר עֶרְכִּי עָלַי אוֹ שֶׁהֶעֱרִיכוֹ אַחֵר אֵינוֹ חַיָּב כְּלוּם:There is no airech for a tumtum or an androgynus, 2:11 for a detailed description of such a person's halachic status. See also Hilchot Ishut 2:24. for the Torah prescribed an airech only for a male whose status is definite or a female whose status is definite. Therefore if a tumtum or an androgynus says: "I pledge my airech," or another person pledges their airech, their statements are of no consequence. or androgynus pledges the airech of a man or a woman, the pledge is binding (Arachin 2a). If an operation is performed on a tumtum and it is revealed that he is a male or female, an airech may be given accordingly.

Mishneh Torah, Appraisals and Devoted Property.1