Şaarei Teşuva — Musar

Şaarei Teşuva

Şaarei Teşuva — Musar Beth HaMidrash'ta: İbranice metin ve Türkçe çevirisi, Raşi ve büyük yorumcularla birlikte. Ücretsiz, çevrimiçi.

הַשַּׁעַר הָרִאשׁוֹן – בְּבֵאוּר הַתְּשׁוּבָה וְעִקָּרֶיהָ.מִן הַטּוֹבוֹת אֲשֶׁר הֵיטִיב הַשֵּׁם יִתְבָּרַךְ עִם בְּרוּאָיו, כִּי הֵכִין לָהֶם הַדֶּרֶךְ לַעֲלוֹת מִתּוֹךְ פַּחַת מַעֲשֵׂיהֶם וְלָנוּס מִפַּח פִּשְׁעֵיהֶם, לַחְשֹׂךְ נַפְשָׁם מִנִּי שַׁחַת וּלְהָשִׁיב מֵעֲלֵיהֶם אַפּוֹ, וְלִמְּדָם וְהִזְהִירָם לָשׁוּב אֵלָיו כִּי יֶחֶטְאוּ לוֹ, לְרֹב טוּבוֹ וְיָשְׁרוֹ כִּי הוּא יָדַע יִצְרָם, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (תהלים כה, ח): "טוֹב וְיָשָׁר ה' עַל כֵּן יוֹרֶה חַטָּאִים בַּדָּרֶךְ", וְאִם הִרְבּוּ לִפְשֹׁעַ וְלִמְרוֹד וּבֶגֶד בּוֹגְדִים בָּגָדוּ, לֹא סָגַר בַּעֲדָם דַּלְתֵי תְּשׁוּבָה, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ישעיה לא, ו): "שׁוּבוּ לַאֲשֶׁר הֶעְמִיקוּ סָרָה". וְנֶאֱמַר (ירמיה ג, כב): "שׁוּבוּ בָּנִים שׁוֹבָבִים אֶרְפָּה מְשׁוּבֹתֵיכֶם". וְהֻזְהַרְנוּ עַל הַתְּשׁוּבָה בְּכַמָּה מְקוֹמוֹת בַּתּוֹרָה, וְהִתְבָּאֵר, כִּי הַתְּשׁוּבָה מְקֻבֶּלֶת גַּם כִּי יָשׁוּב הַחוֹטֵא מֵרֹב צָרוֹתָיו, כָּל שֶׁכֵּן אִם יָשׁוּב מִיִּרְאַת הַשֵּׁם וְאַהֲבָתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ד, ל): "בַּצַּר לְךָ וּמְצָאוּךָ כֹּל הַדְּבָרִים הָאֵלֶּה בְּאַחֲרִית הַיָּמִים וְשַׁבְתָּ עַד ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְשָׁמַעְתָּ בְּקוֹלוֹ". וְהִתְבָּאֵר בַּתּוֹרָה, כִּי יַעֲזֹר ה' לַשָּׁבִים כַּאֲשֶׁר אֵין יַד טִבְעָם מַשֶּׂגֶת וִיחַדֵּשׁ בְּקִרְבָּם רוּחַ טְהוֹרָה לְהַשִּׂיג מַעֲלַת אַהֲבָתוֹ, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים ל, ב): "וְשַׁבְתָּ עַד ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ וְשָׁמַעְתָּ בְקֹלוֹ כְּכֹל אֲשֶׁר אָנֹכִי מְצַוְּךָ הַיּוֹם אַתָּה וּבָנֶיךָ בְּכָל לְבָבְךָ וּבְכָל נַפְשֶׁךָ". וְאוֹמֵר בְּסוֹף הָעִנְיָן (דברים ל, ו): "וּמָל ה' אֱלֹהֶיךָ אֶת לְבָבְךָ וְאֶת לְבַב זַרְעֶךָ" – לְהַשִּׂיג אַהֲבָתוֹ. וְהַנְּבִיאִים וְהַכְּתוּבִים דִּבְּרוּ תָּמִיד עַל דְּבַר הַתְּשׁוּבָה, עַד כִּי בָּאוּ עִקְּרֵי הַתְּשׁוּבָה כֻּלָּם מְפֹרָשִׁים בְּדִבְרֵיהֶם כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתְבָּאֵר.In explanation of repentance and its principles Among the good things which God, may He be blessed, has bestowed upon His creations is the path which He prepared for them to ascend from the baseness of their actions, to escape the trap of their inequities, to hold their souls back from destruction and to remove His anger from upon them. Because of His goodness and uprightness, He has taught them and warned them to return to Him when they sin against Him - for He understands their nature, as it is stated (Psalms 25:8), "Good and upright is the Lord; therefore He shows sinners the way." [Even] if they greatly sin and rebel and act like treacherous betrayers - He does not close the doors of repentance to them, as it is stated (Isaiah 31:6), "Return, to Him to whom they have been so shamefully false." It is [also] stated (Jeremiah 3:22), "Turn back, O rebellious children, I will heal your afflictions." We are warned about repentance in several places in the Torah. It is explained that repentance is accepted even when the sinner repents because of his many troubles - how much more so [will it be accepted] if he returns because of fear or love of God - as it is stated (Deuteronomy 4:30), "When you are in distress because all these things have befallen you and, in the end, return to the Lord your God and obey Him." It is explained in the Torah that God will help those who repent beyond what their natural ability would allow; and that He renews a pure spirit within them, to reach great heights in His love - as it is stated (Deuteronomy 30:2), "And you return to the Lord your God, and you and your children heed His command with all your heart and soul, just as I enjoin upon you this day." Further, it is stated about the body of the matter (Deuteronomy 30:6), "Then the Lord, your God, will circumcise your heart and the hearts of your offspring," to acquire love for Him. And the Prophets and Writings constantly speak on the subject of repentance, such that the principles of repentance are all explained in their words, as will be explained.

וְדַע, כִּי הַחוֹטֵא כַּאֲשֶׁר יִתְאַחֵר לָשׁוּב מֵחַטָּאתוֹ יִכְבַּד עָלָיו מְאֹד עָנְשׁוֹ בְּכָל יוֹם, כִּי הוּא יוֹדֵעַ כִּי יָצָא הַקֶּצֶף עָלָיו וְיֵשׁ לוֹ מָנוֹס לָנוּס שָׁמָּה, וְהַמָּנוֹס הוּא הַתְּשׁוּבָה, וְהוּא עוֹמֵד בְּמִרְדּוֹ וְהִנּוֹ בְּרָעָתוֹ, וּבְיָדוֹ לָצֵאת מִתּוֹךְ הַהֲפֵכָה, וְלֹא יָגוּר מִפְּנֵי הָאַף וְהַחֵמָה, עַל כֵּן רָעָתוֹ רַבָּה. וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה עַל הָעִנְיָן הַזֶּה (קהלת רבה ז, לב) מָשָׁל לְכַת שֶׁל לִסְטִים שֶׁחֲבָשָׁם הַמֶּלֶךְ בְּבֵית הָאֲסוּרִים, וְחָתְרוּ מַחְתֶּרֶת, פָּרְצוּ וַיַּעֲבֹרוּ וְנִשְׁאַר אֶחָד מֵהֶם. בָּא שַׂר בֵּית הַסֹּהַר וְרָאָה מַחְתֶּרֶת חֲתוּרָה וְהָאִישׁ הַהוּא עוֹדֶנּוּ עָצוּר, וַיַּךְ אוֹתוֹ בְּמַטֵּהוּ. אָמַר לוֹ: קְשֵׁה יוֹם! הֲלֹא הַמַּחְתֶּרֶת חֲתוּרָה לְפָנֶיךָ וְאֵיךְ לֹא מִהַרְתָּ הִמָּלֵט עַל נַפְשֶׁךָ?Know that the punishment for the sinner who delays repenting of his sin will grow much heavier for him every day. For he knows that [God's] wrath has gone forth against him and that he has an escape route from it - that escape being repentance - yet he still remains rebellious and stays within his evil. Even though it is within his power to leave from within the disorder, he does not fear the anger nor the rage. Thus, his evil is great (see also Midrash Kohelet [Kohelet Rabbah 7:15], which relates a parable illustrating this concept).

וְלֹא יִמָּצֵא אִחוּר הַתְּשׁוּבָה זוּלָתִי בְּעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, אֲשֶׁר הֵם יְשֵׁנִים שׁוֹכְבִים וְלֹא יָשִׁיבוּ אֶל לְבָבָם, וְלֹא דַעַת וְלֹא תְבוּנָה לָהֶם לְמַהֵר לְהִמָּלֵט עַל נַפְשָׁם. וְיֵשׁ מֵהֶם נִדָּחִים מֵעַל הַשֵּׁם בָּרוּךְ הוּא וְלֹא יַאֲמִינוּ לְעֹנֶשׁ הַחֵטְא. וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (ברכות יט, א) אִם רָאִיתָ תַּלְמִיד חָכָם שֶׁעָבַר עֲבֵרָה בַּלַּיְלָה אַל תְּהַרְהֵר אַחֲרָיו בַּיּוֹם, כִּי בֶּאֱמֶת עָשָׂה תְּשׁוּבָה.But delay of repentance is only found among the ignorant, who are sleeping - lounging. They do not turn to their hearts, and they have neither the knowledge nor the understanding to know that they should hurry, to escape for their lives. Some of them are led astray from God, Blessed be He, and they do not believe in punishment for sin. And our rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said (Berakhot 19a), "If you saw a scholar transgress a prohibition at night, do not think badly of him the [next] day; for in truth, he has [already] repented."

וְעוֹד, הִתְבּוֹנֵן בְּרָעַת הַמִּתְאַחֵר מִן הַתְּשׁוּבָה, כִּי רַבָּה הִיא; כִּי לוּלֵא הִתְמַהְמֵהַּ, כִּי עַתָּה שָׁב חִישׁ נֶאֱנָח בִּמְרִירוּת לֵב, בְּרָגְזָה וּבִדְאָגָה וְדָלְפָה עֵינוֹ מִתּוּגָהּ, כִּי יִפְגְּשֵׁהוּ יִצְרוֹ שֵׁנִית וְיִזְדַּמֵּן הַחֵטְא לְיָדוֹ, יִכְבֹּשׁ אֶת יִצְרוֹ, וְיִזְכּוֹר אֶת אֲשֶׁר עָבַר עָלָיו כּוֹס הַמְּרִירוּת, וְלֹא יוֹסִיף לִשְׁתּוֹתוֹ עוֹד; כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר: (תהלים ד ה): "רִגְזוּ וְאַל תֶּחֱטָאוּ". בֵּאוּרוֹ: רִגְזוּ וְהִצְטַעֲרוּ עַל אֲשֶׁר חֲטָאתֶם, וְאַל תֶּחֶטְאוּ עוֹד; כִּי הִזְכִּיר חֶטְאָם לְמַעְלָה בְּאָמְרוֹ (תהלים ד ג): "תְּבַקְשׁוּ כָזָב סֶלָה". וְיָעִיד עַל זֶה הַפֵּרוּשׁ, אָמְרוֹ רִגְזוּ, מִלְּשׁוֹן (בראשית מה כד): "אַל תִּרְגְּזוּ בַּדָּרֶךְ", (חבקוק ג טז): "וְתַחְתַּי אֶרְגָּז"; עִנְיָנָם הַצַּעַר עַל הַדָּבָר שֶׁעָבַר וְעַל הַהוֹוֶה, וְלֹא אָמַר יְראוּ אוֹ גּוּרוּ. וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְאַחֵר [החוטא] לָשׁוּב, בְּבוֹא הַחֵטְא לְיָדוֹ, יִפּוֹל בְּמוֹקְשׁוֹ כִּנְפוֹל בַּתְּחִלָּה, וְיִגְדַּל עֲווֹנוֹ הָאַחֲרוֹן מְאֹד, וְתַעֲלֶה רָעָתוֹ לִפְנֵי ה'. כִּי מֵרֵאשִׁית לֹא חָשַׁב כִּי פִּתְאוֹם יָבוֹא הַיֵּצֶר הַשּׂוֹרֵר עָלָיו. אַךְ אַחֲרֵי אֲשֶׁר רָאָה דַּלּוּת כּוֹחוֹ, וַאֲשֶׁר גָּבְרָה יַד יִצְרוֹ עָלָיו, וְכִי עָצוּם הוּא מִמֶּנּוּ – הָיָה עָלָיו לִרְאוֹת כִּי פָרוּעַ הוּא, וְלָשִׁית עֵצוֹת בְּנַפְשׁוֹ לְהוֹסִיף בָּהּ יִרְאַת ה', וּלְהַפִּיל פַּחְדּוֹ עָלֶיהָ, וּלְהַצִּילָהּ מִמַּאֲרַב יִצְרוֹ, וּלְהִשְׁתַּמֵּר מֵעֲווֹנוֹ. וְאָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה עָלָיו הַשָּׁלוֹם (משלי כו יא): "כְּכֶלֶב שָׁב עַל קֵאוֹ – כְּסִיל שׁוֹנֶה בְּאִוַּלְתּוֹ", בֵּאוּרוֹ: כִּי הַכֶּלֶב אוֹכֵל דְּבָרִים נִמְאָסִים, וְכַאֲשֶׁר יְקִיאֵם – נִמְאָסִים יוֹתֵר, וְהוּא שָׁב עֲלֵיהֶם לְאָכְלָם; כֵּן עִנְיָן הַכְּסִיל – כִּי יַעֲשֶׂה מַעֲשֶׂה מְגֻנֶּה, וְכַאֲשֶׁר יִשְׁנֶה בּוֹ, מְגֻנֶּה יוֹתֵר, כַּאֲשֶׁר בֵּאַרְנוּ.And furthermore - reflect upon the evil of the one who delays repenting, as it is great. For if it were not that he had delayed - now when his impulse would confront him a second time and he have the opportunity to sin, he would recoil and sigh with a bitter heart, with anguish and worry; and his eye would weep with grief. He would [then] subdue his impulse, remember that the cup of bitterness had passed over him once and he would not drink it again. As it is stated (Psalms 4:8), "Tremble and do not sin" - its explanation is, tremble and fear and be troubled about your sinning, and do not sin again. For it mentioned their sin above [in that chapter in Psalms], when it stated (Psalms 4:3), "you sought falsehood, Selah." And its using the expression, "tremble," confirms this explanation. [As its usage is like in] (Genesis 45:24), "Do not tremble along the way"; and (Habakkuk 3:16), "I trembled where I stood." And their meaning is distress at something that passed and is still present. And it did not state (in Psalms above), "Fear," or "Flinch." But when he delays from repenting - when the sin comes to his hands, he will fall into its trap like he fell at first. And his second iniquity will be very great and his evil will rise up in front of God. For at first, he did not think that the marauding impulse would come upon him. But after he saw the weakness of his power and that his impulse had overcome him and that it is more powerful than he; he should have seen that it is unbridled, and he should have sought to increase his fear of God, to bring down His fright upon his soul, to save it from the ambush of his impulse and to protect it from its iniquity. And King Solomon, peace be upon him, said (Proverbs 26:11), "As a dog returns to his vomit, so a fool repeats his folly." Its explanation is that a dog eats disgusting things; but when he vomits them, they are more disgusting, yet he returns to eat them. Such is the matter of a fool. For he will do a disgraceful act, but when he repeats it, it is [even] more disgraceful, as we explained.

הַשֵּׁנִית, כִּי הַשּׁוֹנֶה בְּחֶטְאוֹ, תְּשׁוּבָתוֹ קָשָׁה, כִּי נַעֲשָׂה לוֹ הַחֵטְא כְּהֶתֵּר, וּבָזֶה כָּבְדָה מְאֹד חַטָּאתוֹ: כְּמוֹ שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (ירמיהו ג ה): "הֲיִנְטֹר לְעוֹלָם אִם יִשְׁמֹר לָנֶצַח? הִנֵּה דִבַּרְתְּ וַתַּעֲשִׂי הָרָעוֹת וַתּוּכָל"; בֵּאוּר וַתּוּכָל, כִּי הָרָעוֹת נַעֲשׂוֹת לְךָ כְּהֶתֵּר וּכְדָבָר שֶׁהוּא בִּיכָלְתְּךָ וּבִרְשׁוּתְךָ, מִלְּשׁוֹן (דברים יב יז): "לֹא תוּכַל לֶאֱכֹל בִּשְׁעָרֶיךָ", שֶׁתַּרְגּוּמוֹ "לֵית לָךְ רְשׁוּ". וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה (יומא פו:) "כֵּיוָן שֶׁעָבַר אָדָם עֲבֵרָה וְשָׁנָה בָּהּ, נַעֲשֵׂית לוֹ כְּהֶתֵּר". וְאָמְרוּ רַבּוֹתֵינוּ זִכְרוֹנָם לִבְרָכָה, עַל אִישׁ שֶׁעָבַר עֲבֵרָה וְשָׁנָה בָּהּ, כִּי מִכָּאן וְאֵילָךְ, אִם יַחְשֹׁב לַעֲשׂוֹת הָעֲבֵרָה, וְנֶאֱנַס וְלֹא עֲשָׂאָהּ – מַחֲשַׁבְתּוֹ הָרָעָה מִצְטָרֶפֶת לְמַעֲשֶׂה, וְעָלָיו נֶאֱמַר (ירמיהו ו יט): "הִנֵּה אָנֹכִי מֵבִיא רָעָה אֶל הָעָם הַזֶּה פְּרִי מַחְשְׁבוֹתָם".Additionally, repentance is more difficult for one who repeats his sin; for the sin becomes as if it were permitted to him. And his sin is very weighty with regards to this, as it is stated (Jeremiah 3:5), "that is how you spoke; you did wrong, and you were able." The meaning of, "you were able," is that the evil deeds have become like that which is permitted to you, and like something within your ability and your authority - like the usage (in Deuteronomy 12:17), "You are not able to eat in your gates," for which the translation [of Onkelos] is, "you do not have authority." And our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said (Yoma 86b), "When a person commits a transgression and repeats it, it becomes to him as if it were permitted. [Additionally,] our Rabbis, may their memory be blessed, said about a man who commits a transgression and repeats it - that from now on, if he thinks about doing that sin but is prevented from doing it by duress, his bad thought is joined with the act (it is counted as if he did it). And about him is it stated (Jeremiah 6:19), "I am going to bring disaster upon this people, the outcome of their own thoughts."

Sha'arei Teshuvah 1