Kohelet Rabba — Midrasj

Kohelet Rabba

Kohelet Rabba — Midrasj op Beth HaMidrash: de Hebreeuwse tekst met Nederlandse vertaling, met Rasji en de grote commentatoren. Gratis, online.

דִּבְרֵי קֹהֶלֶת בֶּן דָּוִד מֶלֶךְ בִּירוּשָׁלִָם, זֶה שֶׁאָמַר הַכָּתוּב בְּרוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ עַל יְדֵי שְׁלֹמֹה מֶלֶךְ יִשְׂרָאֵל (משלי כב, כט): חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, מַעֲשֶׂה בְּרַבִּי חֲנִינָא בֶּן דּוֹסָא שֶׁרָאָה בְּנֵי עִירוֹ מַעֲלִין נְדָרִים וּנְדָבוֹת לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אָמַר הַכֹּל מַעֲלִין לִירוּשָׁלַיִם נְדָרִים וּנְדָבוֹת וַאֲנִי אֵינִי מַעֲלֶה דָּבָר, מֶה עָשָׂה, יָצָא לְמִדְבָּרָהּ שֶׁל עִירוֹ וְרָאָה שָׁם אֶבֶן אַחַת, וְשִׁבְּבָהּ וְסִתְּתָהּ וּמֵרְקָהּ, וְאָמַר הֲרֵי עָלַי לְהַעֲלוֹתָהּ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, בִּקֵּשׁ לִשְׂכֹּר לוֹ פּוֹעֲלִים, נִזְדַּמְּנוּ לוֹ חֲמִשָּׁה בְּנֵי אָדָם, אָמַר לָהֶן מַעֲלִין לִי אַתֶּם אֶבֶן זוֹ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תֵּן לָנוּ חֲמִשָּׁה סְלָעִים וְאָנוּ מַעֲלִים אוֹתָהּ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, בִּקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן לָהֶם וְלֹא נִמְצָא בְּיָדוֹ דָּבָר לְשָׁעָה, הִנִּיחוּהוּ וְהָלְכוּ לָהֶם, זִמֵּן לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא חֲמִשָּׁה מַלְאָכִים בִּדְמוּת בְּנֵי אָדָם, אָמַר לָהֶם אַתֶּם מַעֲלִין לִי אֶבֶן זוֹ, אָמְרוּ לוֹ תֵּן לָנוּ חֲמִשָּׁה סְלָעִים וְאָנוּ מַעֲלִין לְךָ אַבְנְךָ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וּבִלְבַד שֶׁתִּתֵּן יָדְךָ וְאֶצְבָּעֲךָ עִמָּנוּ, נָתַן יָדוֹ וְאֶצְבָּעוֹ עִמָּהֶם וְנִמְצְאוּ עוֹמְדִים בִּירוּשָׁלַיִם, בִּקֵּשׁ לִתֵּן לָהֶם שְׂכָרָן וְלֹא מְצָאָן, נִכְנַס לְלִשְׁכַּת הַגָּזִית וְשָׁאַל בִּשְׁבִילָם, אָמְרוּ לוֹ דּוֹמֶה שֶׁמַּלְאֲכֵי הַשָּׁרֵת הֶעֱלוּ אַבְנְךָ לִירוּשָׁלַיִם, וְקָרְאוּ עָלָיו הַמִּקְרָא הַזֶּה: חָזִיתָ אִישׁ מָהִיר בִּמְלַאכְתּוֹ לִפְנֵי מְלָכִים יִתְיַצָּב, קְרֵי בֵּיהּ לִפְנֵי מַלְאָכִים יִתְיַצָּב. אָמַר רַבִּי סִימוֹן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן חֲלַפְתָּא לְבַלְווֹטוֹס שֶׁהָיָה גָּדֵל בְּפָלָטִין שֶׁל מְלָכִים, אָמַר לוֹ הַמֶּלֶךְ שְׁאַל מָה אֶתֵּן לְךָ, אָמַר אוֹתוֹ בַּלְווֹטוֹס, אִם שׁוֹאֵל אֲנִי כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב אוֹ מַרְגָּלִיּוֹת טוֹבוֹת, הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי. בְּגָדִים, הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי. אֶלָּא אֲנִי שׁוֹאֵל בִּתּוֹ וְהַכֹּל יִנָּתֵן לִי בִּכְלַל בִּתּוֹ. כָּךְ בְּגִבְעוֹן נִרְאָה ה' אֶל שְׁלֹמֹה בַּחֲלוֹם הַלַּיְלָה (מלכים א ג, ה): וַיֹּאמֶר אֱלֹהִים שְׁאַל מָה אֶתֶּן לָךְ, אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה אִם אֲנִי שׁוֹאֵל כֶּסֶף וְזָהָב וּמַרְגָּלִיּוֹת הוּא נוֹתֵן לִי, אֲלָּא הֲרֵינִי שׁוֹאֵל אֶת הַחָכְמָה וְהַכֹּל בִּכְלָל, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (מלכים א ג, ט): וְנָתַתָּ לְעַבְדְּךָ לֵב שֹׁמֵעַ, אָמַר לוֹ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא הַחָכְמָה שָׁאַלְתָּ וְלֹא שָׁאַלְתָּ לְךָ עשֶׁר וְכָבוֹד וְנֶפֶשׁ אוֹיְבֶיךָ, לְפִיכָךְ הַחָכְמָה וְהַמַּדָּע נָתוּן לְךָ, וְעַל יְדֵי כֵן גַּם עשֶׁר וּנְכָסִים וְכָבוֹד אֶתֶּן לְךָ, מִיָּד (מלכים א ג, טו): וַיִּקַּץ שְׁלֹמֹה וְהִנֵּה חֲלוֹם. אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק חֲלוֹם עוֹמֵד עַל כַּנּוֹ, צִפּוֹר מְצוֹיֵץ וְיוֹדֵעַ עַל מָה מְצוֹיֵץ, חֲמוֹר נוֹהֵק וְיוֹדֵעַ עַל מָה נוֹהֵק, מִיָּד (מלכים א ג, טו): וַיָּבוֹא יְרוּשָׁלָיִם וַיַּעֲמֹד לִפְנֵי [ארון ברית אדני ויעל עלות ויעש שלמים] וַיַּעַשׂ מִשְׁתֶּה לְכָל עֲבָדָיו, אָמַר רַבִּי יִצְחָק מִכָּאן שֶׁעוֹשִׂין סְעוּדָה לְגָמְרָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. מִיָּד שָׁרְתָה עָלָיו רוּחַ הַקֹּדֶשׁ וְאָמַר שְׁלשָׁה סְפָרִים הַלָּלוּ: מִשְׁלֵי, וְשִׁיר הַשִּׁירִים, וְקֹהֶלֶת, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: דִּבְרֵי קֹהֶלֶת בֶּן דָּוִד.“The words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem” (Ecclesiastes 1:1).“The words of Kohelet, son of David, king in Jerusalem.” This is what the verse said, inspired by the Divine Spirit, [written] by Solomon, king of Israel: “Have you seen a man diligent in his labor? He will stand before kings” (Proverbs 22:29). There was an incident involving Rabbi Ḥanina ben Dosa, who saw the residents of his city taking up vow offerings and gift offerings to Jerusalem. He said: Everyone is taking up vow offerings and gift offerings to Jerusalem; will I not take anything up? What did he do? He went out to the wilderness [outside] of his city and noticed a certain stone there. He broke it, he chiseled it, and he polished it. He said: I take it upon myself to bring it up to Jerusalem. He sought to hire laborers, and five people came before him. He said to them: ‘Will you take up this stone to Jerusalem for me?’ They said to him: ‘Give us five sela and we will take it up to Jerusalem.’ He sought to give it to them, but he did not have anything in his possession at that time. They left him and went on their way.The Holy One blessed be He arranged for five angels [to appear] to him in the guise of men. He said to them: ‘Will you take up this stone [to Jerusalem] for me?’ They said to him: ‘Give us five sela and we will take your stone up to Jerusalem for you, provided that you join us [in carrying the stone] with your hand and finger.’ He joined them with his hand and finger, and they found themselves standing in Jerusalem. He sought to give them their payment but he did not find them. He entered the Chamber of the Hewn Stone and asked after them. They said to him: ‘It appears that ministering angels took your stone up to Jerusalem,’ and they read this verse in his regard: “Have you seen a man diligent in his labor? He will stand before kings [melakhim].” Read, in his regard: “He will stand before angels [malakhim].”Rabbi Simon said in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Ḥalafta: This is analogous to an adviser who achieved prominence in the royal palace. The king said to him: ‘Ask for whatever [you want and] I will give it to you.’ That adviser said: If I request silver, gold, or fine gems, he will give it to me; garments, he will give me. But I will request his daughter, and everything will be given to me along with his daughter. So, “In Givon, God appeared to Solomon in a nocturnal dream. God said: Ask, what shall I give you?” (I Kings 3:5). Solomon said: If I request silver, gold, and gems, He will give them to me. But I will request wisdom, and everything will be included. That is what is written: “Grant your servant an understanding heart” (I Kings 3:9). The Holy One blessed be He said to him: ‘You requested wisdom and did not request wealth, glory, or the lives of your enemies; therefore, wisdom and knowledge are given to you, and thereby, I will grant you wealth, property, and glory as well.’ Immediately, “Solomon awoke and behold, a dream” (I Kings 3:15). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The dream was upheld: A bird would tweet and he would know what it was tweeting about, a donkey would bray, and he would know what it was braying about. Immediately, “he came to Jerusalem and he stood before the Ark of the Covenant of the Lord, and he sacrificed burnt offerings and he prepared peace offerings and he made a feast for all his servants” (I Kings 3:15). Rabbi Yitzḥak said: From here [it is derived] that one makes a feast when completing the Torah. Immediately, the Divine Spirit rested upon him and he composed these three books: Proverbs, Song of Songs, and Ecclesiastes; that is what is written: “The words of Kohelet, son of David.”

דָּבָר אַחֵר, דִּבְרֵי קֹהֶלֶת בֶּן דָּוִד, שְׁלשָׁה נְבִיאִים עַל יְדֵי שֶׁהָיָה נְבוּאָתָן דִּבְרֵי קַנְתָּרִין, נִתְלֵית נְבוּאָתָן בְּעַצְמָן, וְאֵלּוּ הֵן: דִּבְרֵי קֹהֶלֶת, (עמוס א, א): דִּבְרֵי עָמוֹס; (ירמיה א, א): דִּבְרֵי יִרְמְיָהוּ. וְלָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ יִרְמְיָה שֶׁבְּיָמָיו נַעֲשָׂה יְרוּשָׁלַיִם אִירְמֵיאָה. עָמוֹס, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ עָמוֹס, אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס שֶׁהָיָה עָמוּס בִּלְשׁוֹנוֹ, אָמְרוּ אַנְשֵׁי דוֹרוֹ הִנִּיחַ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא אֶת כָּל בְּרִיּוֹתָיו וְלֹא הִשְׁרָה שְׁכִינָתוֹ אֶלָּא עַל הָדֵין קְטִיעַ, לִישְׁנָא פְּסִילוֹסָא. קֹהֶלֶת, לָמָּה נִקְרָא שְׁמוֹ קֹהֶלֶת, שֶׁהָיוּ דְבָרָיו נֶאֱמָרִין בְּהַקְהֵל, עַל שֵׁם שֶׁאָמַר (מלכים א ח, א): אָז יַקְהֵל שְׁלֹמֹה. רַבִּי אַחָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי הוּנָא מִשְׁמָר נִכְנַס וּמִשְׁמָר יוֹצֵא לִשְׁמֹעַ חָכְמַת שְׁלֹמֹה, וְהוּא שֶׁמַּלְכַּת שְׁבָא אָמְרָה לוֹ (מלכים א י, ח): אַשְׁרֵי אֲנָשֶׁיךָ וְאַשְׁרֵי עֲבָדֶיךָ אֵלֶּה, וּכְתִיב (מלכים א ה, יד): וַיָּבֹאוּ מִכָּל הָעַמִּים לִשְׁמֹעַ אֶת חָכְמַת שְׁלֹמֹה. שְׁלשָׁה שֵׁמוֹת נִקְרָא לוֹ: יְדִידְיָה; קֹהֶלֶת; שְׁלֹמֹה. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ אוֹמֵר שִׁבְעָה: אָגוּר; יָקֶה; לְמוּאֵל; אִיתִיאֵל. אָמַר שְׁמוּאֵל עִקַּר אוֹתֶנְטְיָיא שֶׁלָּהֶם: יְדִידְיָה; קֹהֶלֶת; שְׁלֹמֹה. מוֹדֶה רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּאִלֵּין אַרְבָּעָה, אֶלָּא שֶׁנִּתְכַּנֶּה בָּהֶן שְׁלֹמֹה וְשֶׁנִּתְּנוּ לְהִדָּרֵשׁ: אָגוּר, שֶׁאָגוּר בְּדִבְרֵי תוֹרָה; יָקֶה, שֶׁהָיָה מֵקִיא בִּדְבָרָיו כַּסֵּפֶל הַזֶּה שֶׁמִּתְמַלֵּא בִּשְׁעָתוֹ וּמִתְפַּנֶּה בִּשְׁעָתוֹ, כָּךְ שְׁלֹמֹה לָמַד תּוֹרָה בִּשְׁעָתָהּ וּשְׁכֵחָהּ בִּשְׁעָתָהּ; לְמוּאֵל, שֶׁנָּם לָאֵל בְּלִבּוֹ וְאָמַר יָכוֹל אֲנִי לְהַרְבּוֹת וְלֹא לַחֲטוֹא; אִיתִיאֵל, שֶׁאָמַר אִתִּי אֵל וְאוּכַל. בֶּן דָּוִד, מֶלֶךְ בֶּן מֶלֶךְ, חָכָם בֶּן חָכָם, צַדִּיק בֶּן צַדִּיק, אַבְגִינוֹס בֶּן אַבְגִינוֹס. רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אֲלֶכְּסַנְדְּרִי, הַשּׁוֹר הַזֶּה עַד שֶׁלֹא נֶחְתְּכוּ גִּידָיו, נִתְלֶה הוּא אֲפִלּוּ בְּגִיד אֶחָד מִשֶּׁלּוֹ, אֲבָל מִשֶּׁנֶּחְתְּכוּ גִּידָיו, כַּמָּה חֲבָלִים וְכַמָּה מַסְמְרוֹת צָרִיךְ לִתְלוֹת בָּהֶן. כָּךְ עַד שֶׁלֹא חָטָא שְׁלֹמֹה הָיָה נִתְלֶה בִּזְכוּת עַצְמוֹ, וְכֵיוָן שֶׁחָטָא תָּלוּ לוֹ בִּזְכוּת אֲבוֹתָיו, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (ישעיה לז, לה): וּלְמַעַן דָּוִד עַבְדִּי. תָּנֵי רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן יוֹחָאי אַשְׁרֵי מִי שֶׁזָּכָה לִמְלֹךְ בִּמְקוֹם מַלְכוּת, לְהַלָּן כְּתִיב (דברים א, ד): אֲשֶׁר יוֹשֵׁב בְּעַשְׁתָּרֹת בְּאֶדְרֶעִי, בְּרַם הָכָא מֶלֶךְ בִּירוּשָׁלָיִם, בִּמְקוֹם מַלְכוּת.Another matter, “the words of Kohelet, son of David” – three prophets, because their prophecies were matters of rebuke, their prophecy is attributed to them. These are: “The words of Kohelet”; “the words of Amos” (Amos 1:1); “the words of Jeremiah” (Jeremiah 1:1).Why was his name called Jeremiah? It is because in his days, Jerusalem became desolate [irmeia]. Amos, why was his name called Amos? Rabbi Pinḥas said: It is because his tongue was encumbered [amus]. The people of his generation said: The Holy One blessed be He overlooked all His creations and rested His Divine Presence only on this stutterer with a severed tongue? Kohelet, why was his name called Kohelet? It is because his words were stated in an assembly [hak’hel], as it says: “Then Solomon assembled” (I Kings 8:1). Rabbi Aḥa in the name of Rav Huna: One group would enter as another group was exiting, to hear Solomon’s wisdom. That is what the queen of Sheba said to him: “Happy are your people, happy are these servants of yours” (I Kings 10:8), and it is written: “There came from all the peoples to hear Solomon’s wisdom” (I Kings 5:14).He was called by three names: Yedidya, Kohelet, Solomon. Rabbi Yehoshua says seven: Agur, Yakeh, Lemuel, Itiel. Shmuel said: The most primary and authentic among them are Yedidya, Kohelet, Solomon. Rabbi Shmuel concedes regarding these [other] four, but they were epithets given to Solomon, and they were given to be expounded: Agur, as he was filled [agur] with matters of Torah. Yakeh, as he would expel [heki] his words, like this basin that at times is full and at times is emptied; so, Solomon, at times he studied Torah and at times he would forget it. Lemuel, as he spoke [nam] to God [El] in his heart and said: I can increase and not sin. Itiel, as he said: God is with me [iti El] and I am able.“Son of David” – king, son of a king, wise man, son of a wise man, a righteous man, son of a righteous man, a nobleman, son of a nobleman.Rabbi Yudan in the name of Rabbi Alexandri: This ox, until its tendons are cut, it can be suspended by even one tendon. Once its tendons are cut, numerous ropes and numerous nails are needed to suspend it. So too, until Solomon sinned, he would depend on his own merit, but once he sinned, he was dependent on the merit of his fathers; that is what is written: “[However, I will not tear away the entire kingdom; I will give one tribe to your son] for the sake of David, My servant” (I Kings 11:13). Rabbi Shimon ben Yoḥai taught: Happy is one who was privileged to reign in a place of royalty. There it is written: “[Og, king of Bashan,] who dwelled in Ashtarot in Edre’i” (Deuteronomy 1:4), but here, “king in Jerusalem,” in a place of royalty.

הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים. רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי אַחָא אָמַר דָּוִד אָמַר דָּבָר אֶחָד וְלֹא פֵּרְשׁוֹ, וּפֵרְשׁוֹ שְׁלֹמֹה בְּנוֹ. שְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר דָּבָר אֶחָד וְלֹא פֵּרְשׁוֹ, וּפֵרְשׁוֹ דָּוִד אָבִיו. דָּוִד אָמַר (תהלים קמד, ד): אָדָם לַהֶבֶל דָּמָה, לְאֵיזֶה הֶבֶל, אִם לְהֶבֶל שֶׁל תַּנּוּר יֵשׁ בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ, אִם לְהֶבֶל שֶׁל כִּירָה יֵשׁ בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ, בָּא שְׁלֹמֹה בְּנוֹ וּפֵרַשׁ, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב: הֲבֵל הֲבָלִים אָמַר קֹהֶלֶת. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר נַחְמָן מַתְנֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ בֶּן קָרְחָה, לְאָדָם שֶׁשּׁוֹפֵת שֶׁבַע קְדֵרוֹת זוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזּוֹ וְזוֹ לְמַעְלָה מִזּוֹ, וְהֶבֶל שֶׁל עֶלְיוֹנָה אֵין בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ. שְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר (קהלת ו, יב): כִּי מִי יוֹדֵעַ מַה טּוֹב לָאָדָם בַּחַיִּים וְיַעֲשֵׂם כַּצֵּל. בְּאֵיזֶה צֵל, אִם כְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל כֹּתֶל יֵשׁ בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ, אִם כְּצִלּוֹ שֶׁל דֶּקֶל יֵשׁ בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ, בָּא דָּוִד וּפֵרַשׁ (תהלים קמד, ד): יָמָיו כְּצֵל עוֹבֵר. רַבִּי הוּנָא בְּשֵׁם רַב אַחָא כְּהָדֵין עוֹפָא דְּעָבַר וְטוּלֵיהּ עָבַר עִמֵּיהּ. שְׁמוּאֵל אָמַר כְּצִלָּן שֶׁל דְּבוֹרִים שֶׁאֵין בּוֹ מַמָּשׁ שֶׁל כְּלוּם. רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בַּר רַב יִצְחָק מַתְנֵי לָהּ בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי שִׁמְעוֹן בֶּן אֶלְעָזָר, שִׁבְעָה הֲבָלִים שֶׁאָמַר קֹהֶלֶת כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעָה עוֹלָמוֹת שֶׁאָדָם רוֹאֶה, בֶּן שָׁנָה דּוֹמֶה לְמֶלֶךְ נָתוּן בְּאִיסְפְּקַרְפַּסְטִי וְהַכֹּל מְחַבְּקִין וּמְנַשְּׁקִין אוֹתוֹ, בֶּן שְׁתַּיִם וְשָׁלשׁ דּוֹמֶה לַחֲזִיר שֶׁפּוֹשֵׁט יָדָיו בְּבִיבִין. בֶּן עֶשֶׂר שָׁנָה קוֹפֵץ כִּגְדִי. בֶּן עֶשְׂרִים כְּסוּס נָהֵים מְשַׁפַּר גַּרְמֵיהּ וּבָעֵי אִתְּתָא. נָשָׂא אִשָּׁה הֲרֵי הוּא כַּחֲמוֹר. הוֹלִיד בָּנִים מֵעֵז פָּנָיו כְּכֶלֶב לְהָבִיא לֶחֶם [נסח אחר: להם] וּמְזוֹנוֹת. הִזְקִין, הֲרֵי הוּא כְּקוֹף. הֲדָא דְּתֵימַר בְּעַמֵּי הָאָרֶץ, אֲבָל בִּבְנֵי תוֹרָה כְּתִיב (מלכים א א, א): וְהַמֶּלֶךְ דָּוִד זָקֵן, אַף עַל פִּי שֶׁהוּא זָקֵן, מֶלֶךְ. רַבִּי יְהוּדָה בְּרַבִּי סִימוֹן אָמַר: שִׁבְעָה הֲבָלִים שֶׁאָמַר קֹהֶלֶת כְּנֶגֶד שִׁבְעָה יְמֵי בְרֵאשִׁית, בָּרִאשׁוֹן (בראשית א, א): בְּרֵאשִׁית בָּרָא אֱלֹהִים אֵת הַשָּׁמַיִם וְאֵת הָאָרֶץ, וּכְתִיב (ישעיה נא, ו): כִּי שָׁמַיִם כֶּעָשָׁן נִמְלָחוּ. בַּשֵּׁנִי, יְהִי רָקִיעַ, וּכְתִיב (ישעיה לד, ד): וְנָגֹלּוּ כַסֵּפֶר הַשָּׁמָיִם. בַּשְּׁלִישִׁי, יִקָּווּ הַמַּיִם, וּכְתִיב (ישעיה יא, טו): וְהֶחֱרִים ה' אֵת לְשׁוֹן יָם מִצְרַיִם. בָּרְבִיעִי, יְהִי מְאֹרֹת, וּכְתִיב (ישעיה כד, כג): וְחָפְרָה הַלְּבָנָה, בַּחֲמִישִׁי, יִשְׁרְצוּ הַמַּיִם, וּכְתִיב (צפניה א, ג): אָסֵף עוֹף הַשָּׁמַיִם. בַּשִּׁשִּׁי, נַעֲשֶׂה אָדָם, וּכְתִיב (צפניה א, ג): אָסֵף אָדָם וּבְהֵמָה, בְּשַׁבָּת מַאי אִית לָךְ לְמֵימַר (שמות לא, יד): מְחַלְּלֶיהָ מוֹת יוּמָת, הֲדָא אָמַר בְּמֵזִיד, אֲבָל בְּשׁוֹגֵג יָבִיא קָרְבָּן וְיִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, כֵּיוָן שֶׁרָאָה אָדָם שִׁבְחוֹ שֶׁל שַׁבָּת, שֶׁהַמֵּבִיא קָרְבָּן מִתְכַּפֵּר לוֹ, הִתְחִיל מְשׁוֹרֵר עָלֶיהָ לְהַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שֶׁבַח וּמִזְמוֹר, הֲדָא הוּא דִכְתִיב (תהלים צב, א): מִזְמוֹר שִׁיר לְיוֹם הַשַּׁבָּת, אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי אָדָם הָרִאשׁוֹן אֲמָרוֹ.“Vanity of vanities, said Kohelet; vanity of vanities, everything is vanity” (Ecclesiastes 1:2).“Vanity of vanities [havel havalim]” – Rabbi Huna said in the name of Rabbi Aḥa: David made a statement and did not explain it, but his son Solomon explained it. Solomon made a statement and did not explain it, but his father David explained it. David said: “Man is like hevel” (Psalms 144:4); to what hevel [is man compared]? If it is to the hevel [heat] of an oven, it has significance. If it is to the hevel of a stove, it has significance. His son Solomon came and explained: “Vanity of vanities [havel havalim], said Kohelet.” Rabbi Shmuel bar Naḥmani taught it in the name of Rabbi Yehoshua ben Korḥa: It is comparable to a person who places seven pots on the fire one atop the other, and the heat of the upper one is insignificant.] appears five times in Ecclesiastes 1:2, and twice it appears in the plural, for a total of seven mentions of the term hevel.Solomon said: “For who knows what is good for man in his life, [all the days of his vain life,] that he spends like a shadow” (Ecclesiastes 6:12). What shadow? If it is like the shadow of a wall, it has substance. If it is like the shadow of a palm tree, it has substance. David came and explained: “His days are like a passing shadow” (Psalms 144:4). Rabbi Huna [said] in the name of Rav Aḥa: Like that bird that passes and its shadow passes with it. Shmuel said: Like the shadow of bees that have no substance at all.Rabbi Shmuel bar Rav Yitzḥak taught it in the name of Rabbi Shimon ben Elazar: The seven vanities [havalim] that Kohelet mentioned correspond to the seven worlds that a person sees. A one-year-old is like a king who is on a canopied litter and everyone is hugging and kissing him. A two- or three-year-old is like a pig that extends its hands into the sewers. A ten-year-old jumps like a goat. A twenty-year-old whinnies like a horse, beautifies himself and seeks a wife. When he marries a wife he is like a donkey. When he begets children, he is as audacious as a dog to bring [home] bread and food. When he grows old, he is like a monkey. That is stated regarding the common people; however, regarding Torah personalities, it is written: “King David was old” – even though he was old, he was a king.Rabbi Yehuda ben Rabbi Simon said: The seven vanities that Kohelet mentioned correspond to the seven days of Creation. On the first, “In the beginning God created the heavens and the earth” (Genesis 1:1), and it is written: “For the heavens will vanish like smoke” (Isaiah 51:6). On the second: “Let there be a firmament” (Genesis 1:6), and it is written: “The heavens will be furled like a scroll” (Isaiah 34:4). On the third: “Let the waters be gathered” (Genesis 1:9), and it is written: “The Lord will destroy the tongue of the sea of Egypt” (Isaiah 11:15). On the fourth: “Let there be lights” (Genesis 1:14), and it is written: “The moon will be disgraced” (Isaiah 24:23). On the fifth: “Let the waters swarm [with swarms of living creatures, and let fowl fly above the earth in the open firmament of heaven]” (Genesis 1:20), and it is written: “I will destroy the birds of the heavens” (Zephaniah 1:3). On the sixth: “Let us make man” (Genesis 1:26), and it is written: “I will destroy man and animal” (Zephaniah 1:3). Regarding Shabbat, what do you have to say? “One who profanes it will be put to death” (Exodus 31:14). That is stated regarding one who does so intentionally; but [one who profanes it] unwittingly, he will bring an offering and gain atonement. When Adam saw the praise of Shabbat, that one who brings an offering gains atonement, he began singing in its regard to the Holy One blessed be He, praise and psalm. That is what is written: “A psalm, a song for the day of Shabbat” (Psalms 92:1). Rabbi Levi said: This [psalm] was stated by Adam.

מַה יִּתְרוֹן לָאָדָם, אָמַר רַבִּי בִּנְיָמִין בִּקְשׁוּ חֲכָמִים לִגְנֹז סֵפֶר קֹהֶלֶת מִפְּנֵי שֶׁמָּצְאוּ בוֹ דְּבָרִים מָטִין לְצַד מִינוּת, אָמְרוּ הֲרֵי כָּל חָכְמָתוֹ שֶׁל שְׁלֹמֹה שֶׁבָּא לוֹמַר מַה יִּתְרוֹן לָאָדָם בְּכָל עֲמָלוֹ, יָכוֹל אַף בַּעֲמָלָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה, חָזְרוּ וְאָמְרוּ לֹא אָמַר בְּכָל עָמָל, אֶלָּא בַּעֲמָלוֹ, בַּעֲמָלוֹ אֵינוֹ עָמֵל אֲבָל עָמֵל הוּא בַּעֲמָלָהּ שֶׁל תּוֹרָה. אָמַר רַבִּי שְׁמוּאֵל בְּרַבִּי יִצְחָק בִּקְשׁוּ חֲכָמִים לִגְנֹז סֵפֶר קֹהֶלֶת עַל יְדֵי שֶׁמָּצְאוּ בוֹ דְּבָרִים שֶׁמָּטִין לְצַד מִינוּת, אָמְרוּ כָּל חָכְמָתוֹ שֶׁל שְׁלֹמֹה כָּךְ שֶׁאָמַר (קהלת יא, ט): שְׂמַח בָּחוּר בְּיַלְדוּתֶךָ וִיטִיבְךָ לִבְּךָ בִּימֵי בְחוּרוֹתֶיךָ וְהַלֵּךְ בְּדַרְכֵי לִבְּךָ וּבְמַרְאֵה עֵינֶיךָ, וּמשֶׁה אָמַר (במדבר טו, לט): וְלֹא תָתוּרוּ אַחֲרֵי לְבַבְכֶם וְאַחֲרֵי עֵינֵיכֶם, וּשְׁלֹמֹה אָמַר: וְהַלֵּךְ בְּדַרְכֵי לִבְּךָ וּבְמַרְאֵה עֵינֶיךָ, הֻתְּרָה הָרְצוּעָה, לֵית דִּין וְלֵית דַּיָּן, כֵּיוָן שֶׁאָמַר: וְדָע כִּי עַל כָּל אֵלֶּה יְבִיאֲךָ הָאֱלֹהִים בַּמִּשְׁפָּט, אָמְרוּ יָפֶה אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה. רַבִּי הוּנָא וְרַבִּי אַחָא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי חִלְפַיי, עֲמָלוֹ תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, וְאוֹצֵר לוֹ לְמַעְלָה מֵהַשֶּׁמֶשׁ. אָמַר רַבִּי יוּדָן תַּחַת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ אֵין לוֹ, לְמַעְלָה מִן הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, יֵשׁ לוֹ. רַבִּי לֵוִי וְרַבָּנָן, רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר מַה הֲנָאָה יֵשׁ לַבְּרִיּוֹת אֲשֶׁר מְסַגְּלוֹת בְּמִצְווֹת וּבְמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, דַּיָּן שֶׁאֲנִי מַזְרִיחַ עֲלֵיהֶם אוֹרָה. וְרַבָּנִין אָמְרֵי מַה הֲנָאָה יֵשׁ אֶל הַצַּדִּיקִים שֶׁמְסַגְּלִין בְּמִצְווֹת וּבְמַעֲשִׂים טוֹבִים, דַּיָּן שֶׁאֲנִי עָתִיד לְחַדֵּשׁ פְּנֵיהֶם כְּגַלְגַּל חַמָּה, דִּכְתִיב (שופטים ה, לא): וְאֹהֲבָיו כְּצֵאת הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ בִּגְבוּרָתוֹ. אָמַר רַבִּי יַנַּאי בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם לוֹקֵחַ לִטְרָה שֶׁל בָּשָׂר כַּמָּה צַעַר וְכַמָּה יְגִיעַ רוֹאֶה עַד שֶׁיְבַשְּׁלֶנָּה, וַאֲנִי מַשִּׁיב לְךָ רוּחוֹת, וּמַעֲלֶה עֲנָנִים, וּמוֹרִיד גְּשָׁמִים וּטְלָלִים, וּמְגַדֵּל צְמָחִין וּמְבַשְּׁלָן, וְעוֹרֵךְ שֻׁלְחָן בִּפְנֵי כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד, וְנוֹתֵן כָּל צְרָכָיו לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד, וּלְכָל גְּוִיָּה וּגְוִיָּה כְּדֵי מַחְסוֹרָהּ, וְאֵין אַתֶּם מְבִיאִין לִי אֶת הָעֹמֶר. אָמַר רַבִּי פִּנְחָס בְּנֹהַג שֶׁבָּעוֹלָם אָדָם מְכַבֵּס כְּסוּתוֹ בִּימוֹת הַגְּשָׁמִים, כַּמָּה צַעַר וְכַמָּה יְגִיעַ רוֹאֶה עַד שֶׁיְנַגְּבָהּ, וַאֲנִי מַשִּׁיב לְךָ רוּחוֹת, וּמַעֲלֶה עֲנָנִים, וּמוֹרִיד גְּשָׁמִים וּטְלָלִים, וּמְגַדֵּל צְמָחִים, וּמְכַבְּסָן, וּמְבַשְּׁלָן, וּמְנַגְּבָן, וְעוֹרֵךְ שֻׁלְחָן לִפְנֵי כָּל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד, וְנוֹתֵן כָּל צְרָכָיו לְכָל אֶחָד וְאֶחָד, וּלְכָל גְּוִיָּה וּגְוִיָּה כְּדֵי מַחְסוֹרָהּ, וְאֵין אַתֶּם מְבִיאִין לִי אֶת הָעֹמֶר. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, פְּסַנְטוֹרָךְ אֲנָא וְלֵית אַתְּ מַטְעֵם לִי מִתַּבְשִׁילֵי דְּאִידַע מַהוּ צָרִיךְ. רַבִּי יְהוֹשֻׁעַ דְּסִכְנִין בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר, סַנְטוֹרָךְ אֲנָא וְלֵית אַתְּ יָהֵיב לִי מִסַּנְטָרְיוּתִי. אָמַר רַבִּי אֶלְעָזָר כְּתִיב (ירמיה ה, כד): וְלֹא אָמְרוּ בִלְבָבָם נִירָא נָא אֶת ה' וגו', הָא חַיָּיבִין מִן כַּדּוּן לֵית אַתּוּן צְרִיכִין לִי, תַּלְמוּד לוֹמַר (ירמיה ה, כד): שְׁבֻעֹת חֻקּוֹת קָצִיר יִשְׁמָר לָנוּ, יִשְׁמָר לָנוּ מִשָּׁרָב, יִשְׁמָר לָנוּ, מֵהַטְּלָלִים רָעִים, וְהוּא שֶׁדָּוִד אוֹמֵר (תהלים סח, י): גֶּשֶׁם נְדָבוֹת תָּנִיף אֱלֹהִים, אִם גֶּשֶׁם הִיא צְרִיכָה, נְדָבָה. וְאִם טְלָלִים הִיא צְרִיכָה תָּנִיף אֱלֹהִים. תָּנֵי רַבִּי חִיָּיא כְּתִיב (ויקרא כג, טו): שֶׁבַע שַׁבָּתוֹת תְּמִימֹת תִּהְיֶינָה, אֵימָתַי בִּזְּמַן שֶׁאֵין יֵשׁוּעַ וּשְׁכַנְיָה בֵּינֵיהֶם. אָמַר רַבִּי אַבָּא בֹּא וּרְאֵה כַּמָּה צַעַר וְכַמָּה יְגִיעַ רוֹאִין עַד שֶׁמְּבִיאִין אֶת הָעֹמֶר, כְּדִתְנֵינַן, כֵּיצַד עוֹשִׂין שְׁלוּחֵי בֵּית דִּין יוֹצְאִין בְּעֶרֶב יוֹם טוֹב וְעוֹשִׂין אוֹתוֹ כְּרִיכוֹת בִּמְחֻבָּר לַקַּרְקַע, כְּדֵי שֶׁיְהֵא נוֹחַ לִקָּצֵר, וְכָל הָעֲיָרוֹת הַסְּמוּכוֹת לְשָׁם מִתְכַּנְּסוֹת לְשָׁם כְּדֵי שֶׁיִּהְיֶה נִקְצַר בְּעֵסֶק גָּדוֹל. אָמַר רַבִּי לֵוִי אָמַר לְךָ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא, אָדָם, הֲרֵי חָרַשְׁתָּ, וְזָרַעְתָּ, וְקָצַרְתָּ, וְעָמַרְתָּ, וְעָשִׂיתָ עֲרֵמוֹת עֲרֵמוֹת, אִם אֵינִי מוֹצִיא לְךָ מְעַט רוּחַ יָכוֹל אַתְּ לִזְרוֹת, וַאֲפִלּוּ שְׂכַר אוֹתוֹ הָרוּחַ אֵין אַתָּה נוֹתֵן לִי, הֱוֵי (קהלת ה, טו): וּמַה יִּתְרוֹן לוֹ שֶׁיַּעֲמֹל לָרוּחַ. רַבִּי עָשָׂה סְעוּדַת מִשְׁתֶּה בְּנוֹ, קָרָא רַבִּי לְכָל רַבָּנָן, וְאִינְשֵׁי לְמִקְרֵי בַּר קַפָּרָא, אֲזַל וּכְּתַב עַל תַּרְעָא אַחַר כָּל שִׂמְחָתֶךָ מָוֶת וּמַה יִּתְרוֹן לְשִׂמְחָתֶךָ. אֲמַר מַאן עֲבַד לָן הָדָא, אָמְרוּ בַּר קַפָּרָא דְּאִנְּשִׁיתוּן לְמִיקְרֵי לֵיהּ, לְגַרְמֵיהּ חַפְיָה הוּא. אֲזַל וַעֲבַד אֲרִיסְטוֹן אוֹחֲרָן וּקְרָא לְכָל רַבָּנָן וּקְרָא לֵיהּ לְבַר קַפָּרָא, וְעַל כָּל תַּבְשִׁיל וְתַבְשִׁיל דַּהֲוָה מַנִּיחַ קָדָמֵיהוֹן הֲוָה אָמַר עֲלֵיהּ תְּלַת מְאָה מַתְלִין עַל הָדֵין תַּעֲלָה, וַהֲוָה עָרֵיב לְהוֹן וַהֲוַת תַּבְשִׁילָא צְנִין וְלָא טָעֲמִין לֵיהּ. וַהֲוָה רַבִּי אָמַר לִמְשׁוּמְשְׁנוֹהִי לָמָּה תַּבְשִׁילֵינוֹן עָלְלִין וְנָפְקִין וְלָא טָעֲמִין מִידֵי, אָמְרִין לֵיהּ בְּגִין חַד סַב דְּיָתֵיב תַּמָּן וְכֵיוָן דְּתַבְשִׁילָא עָלֵיל הוּא אָמַר תְּלַת מְאָה מַתְלִין בַּהֲדֵין תַּעֲלָה, בְּגִין כֵּן תַּבְשִׁילָא צְנִין וְלָא טָעֲמִין מִידֵי, סָלֵיק לְגַבֵּיהּ אֲמַר לֵיהּ לָמָּה אַתְּ עָבֵיד כֵּן, שָׁבֵיק אֲרִיסְטְוָן דְּיֵכְלִין. אֲמַר לוֹ לָא תְהֵא סָבוּר דִּבְגִין מְגִיסָךְ אֲתֵית, אֶלָּא בְּגִין דְּלָא צְוַוחְתְּ לִי עִם חֲבֵרַי, לֹא כֵן אָמַר שְׁלֹמֹה: מַה יִּתְרוֹן לָאָדָם וגו', מֵאַחַר שֶׁדּוֹר הוֹלֵךְ וְדוֹר בָּא, מִן דְּפָיְיסָן דֵּין לְדֵין עָבְדִין שְׁלָמָא. אָמַר אַבָּא בַּר קַפָּרָא לְרַבִּי, וּמַה בָּעוֹלָם הַזֶּה שֶׁאֵינוֹ שֶׁלְּךָ הִשְׁפִּיעַ לְךָ הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא שַׁלְוָה, עוֹלָם הַבָּא שֶׁכֻּלּוֹ שֶׁלְּךָ עַל אַחַת כַּמָּה וְכַמָּה. אָמַר רַבִּי בַּנָאָה, אָמַר הַקָּדוֹשׁ בָּרוּךְ הוּא לְיִשְׂרָאֵל, בָּנַי, דְּעוּ מַה בֵּינִי לְבֵינֵיכֶם, מַה כְּתִיב (שמות טז, טז): עֹמֶר לַגֻּלְגֹּלֶת מִסְפַּר נַפְשֹׁתֵיכֶם וגו', מִן דְּיַהֲבוּן אַתּוּן כֻּלְכוֹן עֹמֶר, וְלֹא עֹמֶר שֶׁל חִטִּין אֶלָּא שֶׁל שְׂעוֹרִים, אַף עַל פִּי כֵן תִּהְיוּ זְהִירִין לְהָבִיא אוֹתוֹ בְּעוֹנָתוֹ, לְפִיכָךְ משֶׁה מַזְהִיר אֶת יִשְׂרָאֵל וְאוֹמֵר לָהֶם (ויקרא כג, י): וַהֲבֵאתֶם אֶת עֹמֶר וגו'.“What profit is there for man in all his toil that he toils under the sun?” (Ecclesiastes 1:3).“What profit is there for man?” Rabbi Binyamin said: The Sages sought to suppress the book of Kohelet because they found in it matters that tend toward heresy. They said: All of Solomon’s wisdom that he seeks to impart is: “What profit is there for man in all his toil,” but one might [think that he meant] even in the toil of Torah. They then said: He did not say “in all toil,” but rather in his toil; in his toil he does not [profit from his] toil, but he does [profit from his] toil in the toil of Torah.Rabbi Shmuel ben Rabbi Yitzḥak said: The Sages sought to suppress the book of Kohelet because they found in it matters that tend toward heresy. They said: All of Solomon’s wisdom is this statement: “Rejoice, young man, in your youth; and let your heart cheer you in the days of your youth, and walk in the ways of your heart, and in the sight of your eyes” (Ecclesiastes 11:9). Moses said: “Do not stray after your heart and after your eyes” (Numbers 15:39), and Solomon said: “And walk in the ways of your heart, and in the sight of your eyes.” Restraint has been abolished; there is no [divine] justice and no [Divine] Judge. When he said: “But know that for all these, God will bring you to judgment” (Ecclesiastes 11:9), they said: Solomon spoke well.Rabbi Huna and Rabbi Aḥa [said] in the name of Rabbi Ḥilfai: His toil is under the sun, but there is a treasure for him above the sun. Rabbi Yudan said: Under the sun he does not have [profit], but above the sun he does have [profit]. Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis, Rabbi Levi said: What benefit do people who amass mitzvot and good deeds have? It is sufficient for them that I shine light upon them.] the sun,” Rabbi Levi and the Rabbis interpret taḥat in the sense of “in exchange for.” The Rabbis say: What benefit do the righteous who amass mitzvot and good deeds have? It is sufficient for them that I am destined to renew their faces [and cause them to shine] like the sun, as it is written: “But those who love Him are like the sun emerging in its might” (Judges 5:31).Rabbi Yannai said: The way of the world is that when a person takes a litra of meat, how much trouble must he undergo and how much effort must he expend until he has cooked it! But I blow the winds for you, elevate the clouds, cause the rains and the dew to fall, grow plants and ripen them, set a table before each and every one, give each and every person all his needs, and each and every body what it lacks, and all you bring Me is the omer. Rabbi Pinḥas said: The way of the world is that when a person launders his garment during the rainy season, how much trouble must he undergo and how much effort must he expend until he dries it! But I blow the winds for you, elevate the clouds, cause the rains and the dew to fall, grow plants, wash them, ripen them and dry them, and set a table before each and every one, give each and every person all his needs and each and every body what it lacks, and all you bring Me is the omer. Rabbi Berekhya said: I am your chef, and you do not allow Me to taste the dish that I cooked to know what it needs. Rabbi Yehoshua of Sikhnin said in the name of Rabbi Levi: I am your guard and you do not give me from what I guarded.Rabbi Elazar said: It is written: “They do not say in their heart: Let us now fear the Lord [our God, who gives the early rain and the late rain in due season]” (Jeremiah 5:24). Oh, wicked ones, do you no longer need Me? The verse states: “Who preserves for us the appointed weeks of the harvest” (Jeremiah 5:24) – He protects us from heatwaves, He protects us from harmful dews. That is what David says: “A bounteous [nedava] rain You will bring, God” (Psalms 68:10). If it requires rain, it is “a gift [nedava],” if it requires dew, “You will bring, God.”Rabbi Ḥiyya taught: It is written: “It shall be seven complete weeks” (Leviticus 23:15) -– when? It is when Yeshua and Shekhanya are not among them. is on Sunday. Then, the period of the omer is seven complete weeks, and then, the priestly watches of Yeshua and Shekhanya, the ninth and tenth of the twenty-four watches, would not serve during the omer. If the first of Nisan and the first day of Passover are in the middle of the week, Shavuot is in the middle of the week. In that case, because some of the earlier watches would serve only half a week, as on the festivals all the priests would participate in the Temple service, the watches of Yeshua and Shekhanya would serve during the omer period.Rabbi Abba said: Come and see how much trouble is experienced and how much effort must be expended until they bring the omer, as we learn: How would they perform it? Emissaries of the court would emerge on the eve of the festival [of Passover] and fashion sheaves while [the grain was still] attached to the ground, so that it would be convenient to harvest. All the adjacent towns would assemble there, so that it would be harvested with great fanfare (Menaḥot 65a). Rabbi Levi said: The Holy One blessed be He said to you: ‘Man, you have plowed, sowed, reaped, gathered, and made several piles; if I do not produce for you a little wind, could you winnow? Yet even the fee for that wind you do not give Me.’ That is, “what is the advantage for He who toils for the wind?” (Ecclesiastes 5:15).Rabbi [Yehuda HaNasi] made a wedding feast for his son. Rabbi invited all the Rabbis but forgot to invite bar Kappara. [Bar Kappara] went and wrote on the gate of [Rabbi’s] house: After all your rejoicing there is death; and what is the profit in your rejoicing? [Rabbi] said: ‘Who did this to us?’ They said: ‘It was bar Kappara whom, alone, you forgot to invite, and he is disgraced.’ He went and made another feast and he invited all the rabbis and he invited bar Kappara. For each and every dish that [the waiter] would place before them, [bar Kappara] would recite three hundred parables about the fox. [The parables] were very pleasant for them, and the dishes grew cold and they did not taste them. Rabbi would say to his servants: ‘Why are the dishes going in and going out and they are not tasting anything?’ They said to him: ‘Because one of the elders who is sitting there, when the dish is taken in, he says three hundred parables regarding the fox. That is why the dishes are growing cold and they are not eating anything.’ He came to [bar Kappara] and said: ‘Why are you doing this? Let the diners eat.’ [Bar Kappara] said to him: ‘It is so you do not think that I came here because of your feast, but rather, it is because you did not invite me here with my colleagues.’ Is this not what Solomon said: “What profit is there for man [in all his toil that he toils under the sun]” (Ecclesiastes 1:3), since “one generation passes and one generation comes” (Ecclesiastes 1:4). After they placated each other, they were reconciled. Abba bar Kappara said to Rabbi: ‘If, in this world, which is not yours, the Holy One blessed be He granted you serenity, in the World to Come, which is entirely yours, all the more so.’Rabbi Bena’a said, the Holy One blessed be He said to Israel: ‘My children, know what is the difference between Me and you.’ What is written? “An omer for a person; according to the number of your people…” (Exodus 16:16). But all of you give one omer, and not an omer of wheat, but rather of barley. Nevertheless, be vigilant to bring it at its appointed time; therefore, Moses cautions the children of Israel and says to them: “You shall bring the omer…” (Leviticus 23:10).

דּוֹר הוֹלֵךְ וְדוֹר בָּא, רַבִּי יוּדָן בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי אוֹמֵר, אֵין לְךָ בְּכָל יוֹם וָיוֹם שֶׁאֵין נוֹלָדִין בּוֹ שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, וּמֵתִים בּוֹ שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, וּמַה טַּעַם דּוֹר הוֹלֵךְ וְדוֹר בָּא. וְזָרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וּבָא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ, רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה וְרַבִּי יַעֲקֹב בַּר אֲבוּנָא וְרַבִּי חִיָּא בַּר אַבָּא בְּשֵׁם רַבִּי לֵוִי בַּר סִיסִי, מִשֶּׁזָּרַח הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ וּבָא הַשֶּׁמֶשׁ דּוֹר הוֹלֵךְ וְדוֹר בָּא. וּמִנַּיִן לְדוֹר שֶׁהוּא שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא, שֶׁנֶּאֱמַר (דברים א, לה): אִם יִרְאֶה אִישׁ בָּאֲנָשִׁים הָאֵלֶּה הַדּוֹר הָרָע הַזֶּה, וְאוֹתוֹ הַדּוֹר שִׁשִּׁים רִבּוֹא הָיָה. אָמַר רַבִּי בֶּרֶכְיָה, הַיּוֹצֵר הַזֶּה מַשְׁקִיעַ כִּבְשׁוֹנוֹ, מַה שֶּׁמַּשְׁקִיעַ רִאשׁוֹן הוּא אַחֲרוֹן, בְּרַם הָכָא, הָלַךְ רִאשׁוֹן בָּא רִאשׁוֹן הָלַךְ אַחֲרוֹן בָּא אַחֲרוֹן.“One generation passes, and one generation comes; and the earth abides forever. The sun rises and the sun sets, and hastens its place where it rises” (Ecclesiastes 1:4–5).“One generation passes, and one generation comes” – Rabbi Yudan says in the name of Rabbi Levi: There is no day on which six hundred thousand are not born and on which six hundred thousand do not die. What is the reason? “One generation passes, and one generation comes…the sun rises and the sun sets.” Rabbi Berekhya, Rabbi Yaakov bar Avuna, and Rabbi Ḥiyya bar Abba [said] in the name of Rabbi Levi bar Sisi: From when the sun rises until the sun sets, one generation passes, and one generation comes. From where is it derived that a generation consists of six hundred thousand? It is as it is stated: “If any man among these people, this wicked generation” (Deuteronomy 1:35), and that generation consisted of six hundred thousand. Rabbi Berekhya said: [When a] potter places [vessels] into the furnace, what he places first [he removes] last. However here, one who passes first comes first, and one who passes last comes last.

Kohelet Rabbah 1