Авадим — Масехтот Ктанот

Авадим

Авадим — Масехтот Ктанот на Бет ха-Мидраш: еврейский текст и перевод на русский, с Раши и великими комментаторами. Бесплатно, онлайн.

עבד עברי והנרצע נוהגים ביובל. שדה אחוזה וחרמים נוהגים ביובל אמר רבי ישמעאל לכך נאמר (ויקרא כ״ז:כ״א) כשדה החרם לכהן תהיה אחוזתו מה אחוזה ביובל אף חרמים ביובל: שוה היובל לר״ה לתקיעה ולברכות אלא שהשופר של יובל דוחה את השבת. מאימתי פסקו היובלות משעלה פול מלך אשור ותגלת פלנאסר מלך אשור והגלה לראובני ולגדי ולחצי שבט המנשי:[The regulations regarding] a Hebrew slave to make restitution for a theft or through selling himself for a livelihood. and a slave whose ear is bored [nirẓa‘] are in force only when the Jubilee [is in force].[The regulations regarding] a field of possession XXVII, 16-21. A ‘field of possession’ is one that has been inherited as distinct from a ‘field of purchase’. and a field which had been devoted [to the Temple] 28f. are in force only when the Jubilee [is in force]. R. Ishmael said: For that reason it is stated, As a field devoted; the possession thereof shall be the priest’s 21.—as possession [depends] on the Jubilee, so a field which had been devoted [depends] on the Jubilee. 16. The Jubilee is on the same footing as the New Year in regard to the blowing [of the shofar], XXV, 9. and the benedictions, as on the New Year; R.H. 26b (Sonc. ed., p. 120, n. 2).] except that [the blowing of] the shofar on the Jubilee overrides the Sabbath.) [The shofar is not blown on the day of the New Year which falls on the Sabbath.] When did the Jubilees cease [to be observed]? From the time when Pul and Tiglath-pileser, kings of Assyria, came up and carried the Reubenites, the Gaddites and half the tribe of Manasseh into captivity.

עבד עברי נקנה בכסף ובשטר וקונה את עצמו בשנים וביובל ובגרעון כסף יתירה עליו אמה העבריה שהיא קונה את עצמה בסימנין. הנרצע נקנה ברציעה וקונה את עצמו ביובל ובמיתת האדון:A Hebrew slave is acquired by money purchase or by document, and he acquires his freedom by years of service, through the advent of the Jubilee and by deduction of money. The Hebrew handmaid has an advantage over him in that she acquires her freedom by the signs [of puberty]. The nirẓa‘ is acquired by the boring [of his ear] and acquires his freedom through [the advent of] the Jubilee or through the death of his master.

הכותב שטר גירושין לשפחתו רבי חנינא בן גמליאל אומר אינה בת חורין וחכ״א הרי זו בת חורין. אמר לה הרי את בת חורין חכ״א אינה בת חורין:If a man writes a document of divorce for his handmaid, R. Ḥanina b. Gamaliel says that she does not become free, but the Sages say that she does become free. If he said to her, ‘Behold, you are free’, the Sages say that she does not become free.

מוכר אדם את בתו משפחות לשפחות ומאישות לאישות ומשפחות לאישות אבל לא מאישות לשפחות:[4. If one who is about to die says, ‘My slave So-and-so is free’, then he is free. If he wrote a deed of manumission for him, ‘Behold this [slave] is free’, the latter should have concern.]A man may sell his daughter from one servitude to another, and from one matrimony to another and from servitude to matrimony, but not from matrimony to servitude. [R. Simeon said: He may not sell her from one servitude to another, much less from matrimony to servitude.]

המוכר את בתו על מנת שלא ייעדנה האדון מכרו קיים ותנאו בטל [מפני שהתנה על מה שכתוב בתורה וכל המתנה על מה שכתוב בתורה תנאו בטל]:If a man sells his daughter on condition of her not being betrothed by the master, his sale is valid but his condition is void, because he made a condition overriding what is written in the Torah, (Ex. 21, 8). The Rabbis took this to mean that he bought her for the purpose of espousing her. and whoever makes a condition which overrides a prescription of the Torah [does something which] is void.

Tractate Avadim 1